Question 1

Environmental federalism refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  whether environmental regulations should be established at a national level 
B)  whether environmental regulation enforcement should be decentralized 
C)  the establishment of the EPA in the 1970s 
D)  whether all states and municipalities should be subject to the same effluent standards 
A)  whether environmental regulations should be established at a national level 
B)  whether environmental regulation enforcement should be decentralized 
C)  the establishment of the EPA in the 1970s 
D)  whether all states and municipalities should be subject to the same effluent standards A

Question 2

'Takings' problems refer to the use of eminent domain which allows the US government to take property from private citizens for a public purpose while providing just compensation. In contrast, a regulatory taking does not involve a physical taking of the property but may

Accepted Answer

A)  reduce the value of the property due to restrictions on its use 
B)  transfer ownership temporarily to the EPA 
C)  distribute ownership shares to government agencies 
D)  eliminate the ability to sell the property 
A)  reduce the value of the property due to restrictions on its use 
B)  transfer ownership temporarily to the EPA 
C)  distribute ownership shares to government agencies 
D)  eliminate the ability to sell the property A

Question 3

________ content standards require that all materials-using products manufactured or sold contain some specified percentage of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Maximum; recycled material 
B)  Minimum; recycled material 
C)  Maximum; virgin material 
D)  Minimum; virgin material 
A)  Maximum; recycled material 
B)  Minimum; recycled material 
C)  Maximum; virgin material 
D)  Minimum; virgin material B

Question 4

The change to single-stream recycling causes the consumer cost of recycling to

Accepted Answer

A)  increase 
B)  decrease 
C)  not change 
D)  cannot be determined 
A)  increase 
B)  decrease 
C)  not change 
D)  cannot be determined

Question 5

One way to reduce materials intensity in the production of goods is

Accepted Answer

A)  to a shift away from the consumption of tangible goods, but toward services 
B)  reducing the amount of packing in consumer products 
C)  increasing online billing and payments 
D)  all of the above 
A)  to a shift away from the consumption of tangible goods, but toward services 
B)  reducing the amount of packing in consumer products 
C)  increasing online billing and payments 
D)  all of the above

Question 6

In the United States, municipal solid waste policy is governed

Accepted Answer

A)  at the federal level only 
B)  at the state level only 
C)  at the federal and local level 
D)  at the state and local level 
A)  at the federal level only 
B)  at the state level only 
C)  at the federal and local level 
D)  at the state and local level

Question 7

The ability of a municipality to send solid waste to a landfill is affected by

Accepted Answer

A)  weather 
B)  taxation 
C)  the scarcity of sites willing to accept these wastes 
D)  recycling programs 
A)  weather 
B)  taxation 
C)  the scarcity of sites willing to accept these wastes 
D)  recycling programs

Question 8

With PAYT programs, the incentive to recycle or reuse

Accepted Answer

A)  increases 
B)  decreases 
C)  does not change 
D)  cannot be determined 
A)  increases 
B)  decreases 
C)  does not change 
D)  cannot be determined

Question 9

Over the past last 50 years, the amount of MSW that is recycled has

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased dramatically 
B)  remained relatively constant 
C)  increased slightly 
D)  increased dramatically 
A)  decreased dramatically 
B)  remained relatively constant 
C)  increased slightly 
D)  increased dramatically

Question 10

In the most recent past, most of the urban municipal solid waste in the U.S. was disposed ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)  through recycling 
B)  through incineration 
C)  in landfills 
D)  in other countries 
A)  through recycling 
B)  through incineration 
C)  in landfills 
D)  in other countries

Question 11

The materials balance equation can be written in all of the following forms except

Accepted Answer

A)  TM = VM - RM 
B)  VM = TM - RM 
C)  VM = TM ( 1- r) 
D)  TM = VM + RM 
A)  TM = VM - RM 
B)  VM = TM - RM 
C)  VM = TM ( 1- r) 
D)  TM = VM + RM

Question 12

Single stream recycling refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  water pollution control programs that focus on single bodies of water 
B)  recycling of contaminated water with release into a single stream 
C)  a system of recycling that returns all recycled material to a single user 
D)  a system where recyclable items are collected from consumers in a single container and sorted at the recycling facility 
A)  water pollution control programs that focus on single bodies of water 
B)  recycling of contaminated water with release into a single stream 
C)  a system of recycling that returns all recycled material to a single user 
D)  a system where recyclable items are collected from consumers in a single container and sorted at the recycling facility

Question 13

A tax on virgin materials charged to all manufacturing firms would

Accepted Answer

A)  lead to decreased recycling 
B)  lead to increased recycling in a way that would not satisfy the equimarginal principle 
C)  lead to increased recycling in a way that satisfies the equimarginal principle 
D)  lead to uncertain results with no guarantee of satisfying the equimarginal principle 
A)  lead to decreased recycling 
B)  lead to increased recycling in a way that would not satisfy the equimarginal principle 
C)  lead to increased recycling in a way that satisfies the equimarginal principle 
D)  lead to uncertain results with no guarantee of satisfying the equimarginal principle

Question 14

Because states compete to attract businesses, some believe that there will be a 'race to the bottom' resulting in lax state policies regarding environmental regulation. Most empirical evidence to date suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  state policies are indeed more lax than federal policies 
B)  the 'race to the bottom' has not taken place 
C)  states have not produced their own environmental policies 
D)  businesses do not consider state policies when deciding where to locate 
A)  state policies are indeed more lax than federal policies 
B)  the 'race to the bottom' has not taken place 
C)  states have not produced their own environmental policies 
D)  businesses do not consider state policies when deciding where to locate

Question 15

Which of the following affect a firm's incentive and ability to replace virgin material in the production with recycled materials?

Accepted Answer

A)  technology available to sort materials for recycling 
B)  the transportation of materials to be recycled 
C)  the reprocessing recycled materials 
D)  all of the above 
A)  technology available to sort materials for recycling 
B)  the transportation of materials to be recycled 
C)  the reprocessing recycled materials 
D)  all of the above

Question 16

Federal water-pollution law, incorporating technology based effluent standards, works through

Accepted Answer

A)  a permitting system 
B)  CAFÉ standards 
C)  a single stream recycling system 
D)  a pay as you throw (PAYT) system 
A)  a permitting system 
B)  CAFÉ standards 
C)  a single stream recycling system 
D)  a pay as you throw (PAYT) system

Question 17

Take-back programs lead to goods or parts of goods being

Accepted Answer

A)  returned to where a consumer purchased the good 
B)  returned to the original manufacturer of the good 
C)  exchanged among manufacturers of the good or inputs 
D)  all the above 
A)  returned to where a consumer purchased the good 
B)  returned to the original manufacturer of the good 
C)  exchanged among manufacturers of the good or inputs 
D)  all the above

Question 18

Many states have enacted their own Superfund laws to supplement the federal actions included in the

Accepted Answer

A)  National Contingency Plan (NCP) 
B)  Clean Air Act (CA
A)  
C)  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCR
A)  
D)  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCL
A)  
A)  National Contingency Plan (NCP) 
B)  Clean Air Act (CA
A)  
C)  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCR
A)  
D)  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCL
A)

Question 19

The largest impairment to water quality is now nonpoint source pollution and ________ programs are paramount for controlling these emissions.

Accepted Answer

A)  federal 
B)  state 
C)  municipal 
D)  international cooperative 
A)  federal 
B)  state 
C)  municipal 
D)  international cooperative

Question 20

California has been a lead state in the area of policy innovation, exemplified by

Accepted Answer

A)  the initial banning of the pesticide DDT 
B)  tradable emissions permits to control airborne emissions 
C)  principles included in the Strip Mining Reclamation Act 
D)  ideas included in the Toxics Release Inventory program 
A)  the initial banning of the pesticide DDT 
B)  tradable emissions permits to control airborne emissions 
C)  principles included in the Strip Mining Reclamation Act 
D)  ideas included in the Toxics Release Inventory program

Exam 17: State and Local Environmental Issues

Environmental federalism refers to

'Takings' problems refer to the use of eminent domain which allows the US government to take property from private citizens for a public purpose while providing just compensation. In contrast, a regulatory taking does not involve a physical taking of the property but may

________ content standards require that all materials-using products manufactured or sold contain some specified percentage of ________.

The change to single-stream recycling causes the consumer cost of recycling to

One way to reduce materials intensity in the production of goods is

In the United States, municipal solid waste policy is governed

The ability of a municipality to send solid waste to a landfill is affected by

With PAYT programs, the incentive to recycle or reuse

Over the past last 50 years, the amount of MSW that is recycled has

In the most recent past, most of the urban municipal solid waste in the U.S. was disposed ___________.

The materials balance equation can be written in all of the following forms except

Single stream recycling refers to

A tax on virgin materials charged to all manufacturing firms would

Because states compete to attract businesses, some believe that there will be a 'race to the bottom' resulting in lax state policies regarding environmental regulation. Most empirical evidence to date suggests that

Which of the following affect a firm's incentive and ability to replace virgin material in the production with recycled materials?

Federal water-pollution law, incorporating technology based effluent standards, works through

Take-back programs lead to goods or parts of goods being

Many states have enacted their own Superfund laws to supplement the federal actions included in the

The largest impairment to water quality is now nonpoint source pollution and ________ programs are paramount for controlling these emissions.

California has been a lead state in the area of policy innovation, exemplified by

What Is Environmental Economics

The Economy and the Environment

Benefits and Costs, Supply and Demand

Economic Efficiency and Markets

The Economics of Environmental Quality

Framework of Analysis

Benefit-Cost Analysis: Benefits

Benefit-Cost Analysis: Costs

Criteria for Evaluating Environmental Policies

Decentralized Policies: Liability Laws, Property Rights, and Voluntary Action

Command-And-Control Strategies: the Case of Standards

Incentive-Based Strategies: Emission Charges and Subsidies

Incentive-Based Strategies: Market Trading Systems

Federal Water Pollution-Control Policy

Federal Air Pollution-Control Policy

Federal Policy on Toxic and Hazardous Substances

The Global Environment

International Environmental Agreements

Globalization

Economic Development and the Environment

Filters

content standards require that all materials-using products manufactured or sold contain some specified percentage of .