Exam 9: Criteria for Evaluating Environmental Policies

Public policy makers typically do not have totally accurate information about the pollution control costs that firms or industries face in the real world. Accurate information regarding the costs of adaptation is, for the most part, _____________.

The requirement for efficiency is that

As major U.S. federal environmental legislation has slowed,

A technology forcing policy is one that

Environmental justice is concerned that people of color and low-income people are disproportionately exposed to environmental contaminants. This exposure to the pollutants comes disproportionately from

A centralized policy requires that

One of the criteria of evaluating environmental policy is whether the policy provides incentives to find efficient and innovative ways to lower abatement costs. Which of the following are potential contributors to lowering abatement costs?

The rate of technological change for environmental improvement may be too slow because

In economics, the concept of market failure refers to

Cost effectiveness is an important piece of the evaluation of public policy because

It has been determined that the Clean Air Act's command and control policies that permit frequent adjustment and adaptation to new circumstances are

In economics, the concept of government failure refers to

A centralized policy requires that

The materials balance equation asserts that, given a certain quantity of residuals, if the flow going into one environmental medium is reduced (e.g., water) the flow going into the others (air and/or land) must __________.

When an environmental policy is adopted by a government agency, it usually includes

Social justice considerations in policy development address

The requirement for equity is that

Which of the following is a criterion used by environmental economists to evaluate environmental policies?

Two main steps in enforcement are

Due to the concept that economist call asymmetric information, polluting firms can mislead regulators regarding the costs of abatement. It is often in the interest of polluting firms to _________ the costs abatement so that the regulated target for emissions is _______ than the socially efficient level.