Exam 5: Probable Cause and Arrests

In which of the following cases did the court indicate that the crucial question in determining whether there are exigent circumstances is whether the police have probable cause to believe that they must act immediately and that they do not have time to secure a warrant?

All of the following are observations an officer may rely on when making a probable cause determination except ______.

Situations in which officers must urgently take immediate action are known legally as ______.

All of the following are aspects of informant information to be considered established in Illinois v.Gates except ______.

All of the following are forms (or classification) of an arrest except ______.

Carrying out an arrest in a reasonable fashion involves all of the following except ______.

The Supreme Court has expressed a preference for arrests to be based on arrest warrants.

Informants typically are individuals who are not involved in criminal activity who cooperate with the police by providing information.

Eyewitnesses and victims are presumed reliable, and their reports may constitute probable cause.

In which of the following court cases did the court rule that an arrest warrant is required to apprehend an individual in a hotel or motel room that he or she has rented?

Explain why courts are reluctant to find that the reports of informants constitute probable cause.

The traditional approach for evaluating whether the police may rely on an informant's report to establish probable cause is the informant privilege test.

All of the following are good reasons for issuing citations rather than arresting individuals except ______.

Explain when an arrest satisfies the reasonableness requirement of the Fourth Amendment.

The U.S.Supreme Court operated under the Aguilar-Spinelli test for well over a decade before switching to the less strict totality of the circumstances test.Explain these two tests and explain the logic behind the Court changing from one test to the other.Do you feel the switch was necessary/justified? Explain.

In which of the following circumstances must an officer obtain a warrant?

The U.S.Supreme Court has held that an arrest inside a home must be made with a warrant (barring exigent circumstances).Explain why this is.How does this logic apply to doorways to the home, common hallways, and hotels and why?

Identify the traditional approach for evaluating whether the police may rely on an informant's report to establish probable cause?

Probable cause is based on facts, and an officer may not rely solely on intuition, opinion, or a hunch.

Why is Atwater v.Lago Vista significant?