Question 1

Name two ways in which statistical results can be unfairly reported by researchers or the media.

Accepted Answer

any reasonable answers ok.examples: 
1) statistical versus practical significance
2) multiple hypothesis tests but selective reporting of results
3) making stronger or weaker conclusions than are justified.

Question 2

Name three things that psychologists are supposed to inform participants about when obtaining informed consent, according to the American Psychological Association's code of ethics.

Accepted Answer

many possible answers, including any three of the following: 
1) the purpose of the research
2) the procedures to be used
3) the duration
4) potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects
5) their right to decline or terminate participation; 6) foreseeable consequences of withdrawing
7) foreseeable research benefits
8) limits of confidentiality
9) incentives for participation
10) whom to contact regarding their rights (and the rights of the researcher).

Question 3

How is it possible that two different statistical analyses of the same data set can produce different results and more importantly, different conclusions?

Accepted Answer

any reasonable answer ok.Examples: 
1) perhaps one or both of the analyses were inappropriate for the data
2) the assumptions or conditions were not met
3) one analysis was more powerful than the other.

Question 4

What is 'data snooping' and why is it a practice to be avoided?

Accepted Answer

analyzing the same data using

Question 5

__________ is one of the pressures that can mislead a researcher to weaken their conclusions more than is justified.(Note this is unethical, yet it happens sometimes.)

Accepted Answer

any reasonable answer ok.Examp

Question 6

Running multiple tests on the same data set at the same stage of an analysis __________ (choose from: increases, decreases, doesn't affect) the chance of obtaining at least one invalid result.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Running multiple tests on the same data...

Question 7

When should a researcher decide whether an alternative hypothesis should be one-sided or two-sided?

Accepted Answer

A) Before collecting the data. 
B) While the data are being collected, and a pattern begins to emerge. 
C) After the data have been collected and the researcher has had a chance to summarize them to see what direction the results may take. 
D) No single rule will apply to all situations; each one is different. 
A) Before collecting the data. 
B) While the data are being collected, and a pattern begins to emerge. 
C) After the data have been collected and the researcher has had a chance to summarize them to see what direction the results may take. 
D) No single rule will apply to all situations; each one is different.

Question 8

A researcher is required to get your 'informed consent' before you participate in a study.List two major requirements that he/she has to meet in order to do this correctly.

Accepted Answer

you have to be: 
1) informed o

Question 9

How can the 'experimenter effect' be minimized?

Accepted Answer

A) Third-party randomization. 
B) Double-blind procedures. 
C) A standard protocol for the treatment of all participants that must be strictly followed. 
D) All of the above. 
A) Third-party randomization. 
B) Double-blind procedures. 
C) A standard protocol for the treatment of all participants that must be strictly followed. 
D) All of the above.

Question 10

If a researcher has a desired outcome for a study and conditions are not very carefully controlled, it is quite likely that the researcher will influence the outcome.This is called the __________ effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a researcher has a desired outcome...

Question 11

Suppose a researcher conducts 100 hypothesis tests on her large data set and reports on the five results that were found to be significant, but doesn't inform the reader about the other 95 tests that were done.Is there a problem with this? Explain why or why not.

Accepted Answer

yes.either of the following Reasons IS o

Question 12

When should a researcher decide which statistical method to use to analyze their data (assuming there is more than one statistical method available)?

Accepted Answer

A) Before collecting the data. 
B) Once the data have been collected and summarized and the researcher can see what direction the results may take, then he/she needs to choose an analysis. 
C) Once the data have been collected, the researcher should try different analyses and select the one that gives them the most desirable results. 
D) None of the above. 
A) Before collecting the data. 
B) Once the data have been collected and summarized and the researcher can see what direction the results may take, then he/she needs to choose an analysis. 
C) Once the data have been collected, the researcher should try different analyses and select the one that gives them the most desirable results. 
D) None of the above.

Question 13

Name a situation where the quality of data becomes an ethical issue.

Accepted Answer

either of the following is ok: 
1) when

Question 14

Explain the ethical dilemma faced by a researcher when he/she is trying to determine what sample size to use in his/her study.

Accepted Answer

a sample size that is too large will ove

Question 15

A board that all research institutions are required to maintain for oversight of research involving human and animal participants is called a(n) _______________ Board.

Accepted Answer

institutio

Question 16

Explain why it would not be ethical to report the sample size of a survey without also reporting the percentage or number of people who responded to it.

Accepted Answer

the results are only based on

Question 17

The 'experimenter effect' can __________the results of a study.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The 'experimenter effect' can __________the results of...

Question 18

Give two benefits of computer-assisted information collection (versus other methods).

Accepted Answer

1) more timely infor

Question 19

Which of the following would not fall under the requirements of informed consent?

Accepted Answer

A) Telling participants about any foreseeable discomfort or pain that might be involved. 
B) Telling participants which of the drug treatments they will receive before the experiment begins. 
C) Telling participants they have a right to withdraw from a study once it has started. 
D) All of the above statements fall under the requirements of informed consent. 
A) Telling participants about any foreseeable discomfort or pain that might be involved. 
B) Telling participants which of the drug treatments they will receive before the experiment begins. 
C) Telling participants they have a right to withdraw from a study once it has started. 
D) All of the above statements fall under the requirements of informed consent.

Question 20

Whether or not a study achieves statistical significance depends on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) The magnitude of whatever effect or relationship may actually exist. 
B) The size of the study. 
C) The power of the study to detect an effect that would result from the given sample size. 
D) All of the above. 
A) The magnitude of whatever effect or relationship may actually exist. 
B) The size of the study. 
C) The power of the study to detect an effect that would result from the given sample size. 
D) All of the above.

Exam 26: Ethics in Statistical Studies

Name two ways in which statistical results can be unfairly reported by researchers or the media.

Name three things that psychologists are supposed to inform participants about when obtaining informed consent, according to the American Psychological Association's code of ethics.

How is it possible that two different statistical analyses of the same data set can produce different results and more importantly, different conclusions?

What is 'data snooping' and why is it a practice to be avoided?

__________ is one of the pressures that can mislead a researcher to weaken their conclusions more than is justified.(Note this is unethical, yet it happens sometimes.)

Running multiple tests on the same data set at the same stage of an analysis __________ (choose from: increases, decreases, doesn't affect) the chance of obtaining at least one invalid result.

When should a researcher decide whether an alternative hypothesis should be one-sided or two-sided?

A researcher is required to get your 'informed consent' before you participate in a study.List two major requirements that he/she has to meet in order to do this correctly.

How can the 'experimenter effect' be minimized?

If a researcher has a desired outcome for a study and conditions are not very carefully controlled, it is quite likely that the researcher will influence the outcome.This is called the __________ effect.

Suppose a researcher conducts 100 hypothesis tests on her large data set and reports on the five results that were found to be significant, but doesn't inform the reader about the other 95 tests that were done.Is there a problem with this? Explain why or why not.

When should a researcher decide which statistical method to use to analyze their data (assuming there is more than one statistical method available)?

Name a situation where the quality of data becomes an ethical issue.

Explain the ethical dilemma faced by a researcher when he/she is trying to determine what sample size to use in his/her study.

A board that all research institutions are required to maintain for oversight of research involving human and animal participants is called a(n) _______________ Board.

Explain why it would not be ethical to report the sample size of a survey without also reporting the percentage or number of people who responded to it.

The 'experimenter effect' can __________the results of a study.

Give two benefits of computer-assisted information collection (versus other methods).

Which of the following would not fall under the requirements of informed consent?

Whether or not a study achieves statistical significance depends on which of the following?

The Benefits and Risks of Using Statistics

Reading the News

Measurements, Mistakes, and Misunderstandings

How to Get a Good Sample

Experiments and Observational Studies

Getting the Big Picture

Summarizing and Displaying Measurement Data

Bell-Shaped Curves and Other Shapes

Plots, Graphs, and Pictures

Relationships Between Measurement Variables

Relationships Can Be Deceiving

Relationships Between Categorical Variables

Statistical Significance for 2 2 Tables

Understanding Probability and Long-Term Expectations

Understanding Uncertainty Through Simulation

Psychological Influences on Personal Probability

When Intuition Differs From Relative Frequency

Understanding the Economic News

The Diversity of Samples From the Same Population

Estimating Proportions With Confidence

The Role of Confidence Intervals in Research

Rejecting Chancetesting Hypotheses in Research

Hypothesis Testingexamples and Case Studies

Significance, Importance, and Undetected Differences

Meta-Analysis: Resolving Inconsistencies Across Studies

Putting What You Have Learned to the Test

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