Exam 9: Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

What is the correct structure for 2-hydroxyacetophenone?

Many nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones are catalyzed by acid or base. Bases catalyze hydration by:

Instructions: Predict the products from the information given for the following question(s). -Predict:

Instructions: $\alpha$ , $\beta$ -Unsaturated aldehydes and ketones can undergo reaction with nucleophiles at the $\beta$ carbon, as shown below. Use this information to answer the following question(s). -Refer to instructions. This reaction is called a(n) _____ reaction.

Instructions: Draw structures corresponding to each of the following names. -Draw: benzophenone

Instructions: Predict the products from the information given for the following question(s). -Predict:

Outline the synthetic steps necessary to carry out the conversion below. You may use any organic or inorganic reagents you need. Show the structures of all intermediate compounds that would probably be isolated during the course of your synthesis, and show all necessary reagents.

What hemiacetal would form from the internal nucleophillic addition reaction of the following compound?

Instructions: Provide IUPAC names for each structure below. -Name:

Instructions: Predict the products from the information given for the following question(s). -Predict:

Instructions: Consider the data below to answer the following question(s). Cyanohydrins are important intermediates in the synthesis of $\alpha$ -hydroxycarboxylic acids from ketones and aldehydes. The nitrile functional group can be hydrolyzed by aqueous acid to yield a carboxylic acid. Nitriles can also be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids using aqueous base. When a cyanohydrin is treated with aqueous base, however, the original carbonyl compound is isolated. -Refer to instructions. Identify the electrophile and nucloephile in the reaction of benzaldehyde with hydrogen cyanide.

Instructions: Provide IUPAC names for each structure below. -Name: