Question 1

Learning to tie one's shoes is MOST likely acquired via the process of

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning. 
B) reflexive conditioning. 
C) spontaneous recovery. 
D) classical conditioning. 
A) operant conditioning. 
B) reflexive conditioning. 
C) spontaneous recovery. 
D) classical conditioning.

Question 2

An operantly conditioned response that is very durable and relatively hard to extinguish is said to show

Accepted Answer

A) high resistance to extinction. 
B) low resistance to extinction. 
C) high association with reinforcement. 
D) low association with reinforcement. 
A) high resistance to extinction. 
B) low resistance to extinction. 
C) high association with reinforcement. 
D) low association with reinforcement.

Question 3

Avoidance conditioning develops through ​

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement. 
B) positive reinforcement. 
C) punishment. 
D) modeling. 
A) negative reinforcement. 
B) positive reinforcement. 
C) punishment. 
D) modeling.

Question 4

Simon cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, cringing in the waiting room is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned response. 
B) conditioned stimulus. 
C) conditioned response. 
D) unconditioned stimulus. 
A) unconditioned response. 
B) conditioned stimulus. 
C) conditioned response. 
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 5

Imagine that you have a roommate who is a slob and you would like to change this behavior. From your knowledge of conditioning principles, how would you encourage and reinforce behavior?

Accepted Answer

The behavior of keeping a clean room wil

Question 6

Zane has been shocked on 6 separate occasions while making toast. However, he doesn't seem to have developed a phobia toward toasters. Zane's only phobia is toward spiders, because he once had a big spider fall in his shirt when he was a child. Zane's pattern of phobias illustrates the concept of

Accepted Answer

A) signal relations. 
B) negative avoidance. 
C) superstitious responding. 
D) preparedness. 
A) signal relations. 
B) negative avoidance. 
C) superstitious responding. 
D) preparedness.

Question 7

The learning theory that is BEST able to explain why physical punishment tends to increase aggressive behavior in children is

Accepted Answer

A) Skinner's theory of operant conditioning. 
B) Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning. 
C) Bandura's theory of observational learning. 
D) Rescorla's theory of signal relations. 
A) Skinner's theory of operant conditioning. 
B) Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning. 
C) Bandura's theory of observational learning. 
D) Rescorla's theory of signal relations.

Question 8

While out trick-or-treating for Halloween, at first, Billy's neighbors had to remind him to say "Trick or treat" before they dropped their treats into his bag. As he continued to visit houses in the neighborhood, soon Billy would say "Trick or treat" as soon as the neighbors answered the door. The treats he received were the _____ for his saying "Trick or treat."

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus 
B) reinforcement 
C) reward 
D) discriminative stimulus 
A) conditioned stimulus 
B) reinforcement 
C) reward 
D) discriminative stimulus

Question 9

Research examining the long-term effects of media violence has demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

A) the more violence children watch on TV, the more aggressive they tend to be at home and school. 
B) the more violence children watch on TV, the less aggressive they tend to act at home and school. 
C) no consistent relationship exists between how much violence children watch on TV and aggressive behavior. 
D) watching violence on TV causes relatively nonaggressive children to become more aggressive but does not increase the level of aggression in relatively aggressive children. 
A) the more violence children watch on TV, the more aggressive they tend to be at home and school. 
B) the more violence children watch on TV, the less aggressive they tend to act at home and school. 
C) no consistent relationship exists between how much violence children watch on TV and aggressive behavior. 
D) watching violence on TV causes relatively nonaggressive children to become more aggressive but does not increase the level of aggression in relatively aggressive children.

Question 10

Stimulus contiguity refers to whether the stimuli

Accepted Answer

A) automatically produce conditioning. 
B) are novel. 
C) occur together in time and space. 
D) have been conditioned prior to the current trial. 
A) automatically produce conditioning. 
B) are novel. 
C) occur together in time and space. 
D) have been conditioned prior to the current trial.

Question 11

_____ reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced; _____ reinforcement occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

Accepted Answer

Continuous

Question 12

When an individual has a phobia, the irrational fear and anxiety that the person experiences is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned response. 
B) unconditioned response. 
C) conditioned stimulus. 
D) unconditioned stimulus. 
A) conditioned response. 
B) unconditioned response. 
C) conditioned stimulus. 
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 13

The evolutionary history of rats has rendered them _____ to associate a taste CS with an illness US, and _____ to associate that same CS with an electric shock US. ​

Accepted Answer

A) prepared; prepared ​ 
B) prepared; unprepared 
C) unprepared; unprepared 
D) unprepared; prepared 
A) prepared; prepared ​ 
B) prepared; unprepared 
C) unprepared; unprepared 
D) unprepared; prepared

Question 14

Earlier learning viewpoints considered classical and operant conditioning to be automatic processes involving only environmental events that did not depend at all on biological or cognitive factors. Research on which of the following concepts cast doubt on this point of view?

Accepted Answer

A) S ignal relations and preparedness 
B) E xtinction and generalization 
C) R atio and interval schedules 
D) D iscrimination and spontaneous recovery 
A) S ignal relations and preparedness 
B) E xtinction and generalization 
C) R atio and interval schedules 
D) D iscrimination and spontaneous recovery

Question 15

A previously neutral stimulus, that through conditioning acquires the capacity to evoke a response, is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus. 
B) unconditioned stimulus. 
C) unconditioned response. 
D) conditioned response. 
A) conditioned stimulus. 
B) unconditioned stimulus. 
C) unconditioned response. 
D) conditioned response.

Question 16

Henry got a bad sunburn on his face when he was skiing last winter. Now, before he starts a day of skiing, he uses sunscreen on his face to prevent another sunburn. This is an example of ​

Accepted Answer

A) escape learning. 
B) avoidance learning. 
C) an unconditioned stimulus. 
D) shaping. 
A) escape learning. 
B) avoidance learning. 
C) an unconditioned stimulus. 
D) shaping.

Question 17

Responses maintained with _____ reinforcement are more resistant to extinction.

Accepted Answer

A) intermittent 
B) continuous 
C) primary 
D) secondary 
A) intermittent 
B) continuous 
C) primary 
D) secondary

Question 18

The tendency for maladaptive responses extinguished during therapy to reappear when the client is outside the therapist's office is BEST explained by

Accepted Answer

A) higher-order conditioning. 
B) intermittent reinforcement. 
C) avoidance learning. 
D) the renewal effect. 
A) higher-order conditioning. 
B) intermittent reinforcement. 
C) avoidance learning. 
D) the renewal effect.

Question 19

On Tuesday morning, Chloe prepared her typical breakfast of corn flakes with milk and a cup of coffee. However, instead of having grapefruit with her breakfast, she tried eating guava for the first time. Later, she became extremely ill. If her illness causes her to develop a conditioned response to one of her breakfast items, the conditioned response will MOST likely be to ​

Accepted Answer

A) guava, because it was a novel stimulus. 
B) milk, because the milk may have been sour. 
C) grapefruit, because that was the one thing missing from her typical breakfast. 
D) coffee, because coffee is a stimulant. 
A) guava, because it was a novel stimulus. 
B) milk, because the milk may have been sour. 
C) grapefruit, because that was the one thing missing from her typical breakfast. 
D) coffee, because coffee is a stimulant.

Question 20

You eat a new food and that night become ill with nausea and vomiting. Later, you experience nausea whenever you taste or smell the new food. Why did you not associate your nausea with the cues of the room, the people present, the bathroom, and so on? ​

Accepted Answer

A) You were biologically predisposed to associate taste and nausea. 
B) The nontaste cues were too weak. 
C) The taste cues were more immediate. 
D) There was less contiguity for the other cues. 
A) You were biologically predisposed to associate taste and nausea. 
B) The nontaste cues were too weak. 
C) The taste cues were more immediate. 
D) There was less contiguity for the other cues.

Learning to tie one's shoes is MOST likely acquired via the process of

An operantly conditioned response that is very durable and relatively hard to extinguish is said to show

Avoidance conditioning develops through

Simon cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, cringing in the waiting room is a(n)

Imagine that you have a roommate who is a slob and you would like to change this behavior. From your knowledge of conditioning principles, how would you encourage and reinforce behavior?

Zane has been shocked on 6 separate occasions while making toast. However, he doesn't seem to have developed a phobia toward toasters. Zane's only phobia is toward spiders, because he once had a big spider fall in his shirt when he was a child. Zane's pattern of phobias illustrates the concept of

The learning theory that is BEST able to explain why physical punishment tends to increase aggressive behavior in children is

Research examining the long-term effects of media violence has demonstrated that

Stimulus contiguity refers to whether the stimuli

_ reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced; _ reinforcement occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

When an individual has a phobia, the irrational fear and anxiety that the person experiences is a(n)

The evolutionary history of rats has rendered them _ to associate a taste CS with an illness US, and _ to associate that same CS with an electric shock US.

Earlier learning viewpoints considered classical and operant conditioning to be automatic processes involving only environmental events that did not depend at all on biological or cognitive factors. Research on which of the following concepts cast doubt on this point of view?

A previously neutral stimulus, that through conditioning acquires the capacity to evoke a response, is a(n)

Henry got a bad sunburn on his face when he was skiing last winter. Now, before he starts a day of skiing, he uses sunscreen on his face to prevent another sunburn. This is an example of

Responses maintained with _____ reinforcement are more resistant to extinction.

The tendency for maladaptive responses extinguished during therapy to reappear when the client is outside the therapist's office is BEST explained by

You eat a new food and that night become ill with nausea and vomiting. Later, you experience nausea whenever you taste or smell the new food. Why did you not associate your nausea with the cues of the room, the people present, the bathroom, and so on?

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Human Memory

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Exam 6: Learning

Learning to tie one's shoes is MOST likely acquired via the process of

An operantly conditioned response that is very durable and relatively hard to extinguish is said to show

Avoidance conditioning develops through ​

Simon cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, cringing in the waiting room is a(n)

Imagine that you have a roommate who is a slob and you would like to change this behavior. From your knowledge of conditioning principles, how would you encourage and reinforce behavior?

Zane has been shocked on 6 separate occasions while making toast. However, he doesn't seem to have developed a phobia toward toasters. Zane's only phobia is toward spiders, because he once had a big spider fall in his shirt when he was a child. Zane's pattern of phobias illustrates the concept of

The learning theory that is BEST able to explain why physical punishment tends to increase aggressive behavior in children is

Research examining the long-term effects of media violence has demonstrated that

Stimulus contiguity refers to whether the stimuli

_____ reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced; _____ reinforcement occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

When an individual has a phobia, the irrational fear and anxiety that the person experiences is a(n)

The evolutionary history of rats has rendered them _____ to associate a taste CS with an illness US, and _____ to associate that same CS with an electric shock US. ​

Earlier learning viewpoints considered classical and operant conditioning to be automatic processes involving only environmental events that did not depend at all on biological or cognitive factors. Research on which of the following concepts cast doubt on this point of view?

A previously neutral stimulus, that through conditioning acquires the capacity to evoke a response, is a(n)

Henry got a bad sunburn on his face when he was skiing last winter. Now, before he starts a day of skiing, he uses sunscreen on his face to prevent another sunburn. This is an example of ​

Responses maintained with _____ reinforcement are more resistant to extinction.

The tendency for maladaptive responses extinguished during therapy to reappear when the client is outside the therapist's office is BEST explained by

You eat a new food and that night become ill with nausea and vomiting. Later, you experience nausea whenever you taste or smell the new food. Why did you not associate your nausea with the cues of the room, the people present, the bathroom, and so on? ​

The Evolution of Psychology

The Research Enterprise in Psychology

The Biological Bases of Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Variations in Consciousness

Human Memory

Cognition and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Human Development Across the Life Span

Personality

Social Behavior

Stress, Coping, and Health

Psychological Disorders

Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Filters

Avoidance conditioning develops through

_ reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced; _ reinforcement occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

The evolutionary history of rats has rendered them _ to associate a taste CS with an illness US, and _ to associate that same CS with an electric shock US.

Henry got a bad sunburn on his face when he was skiing last winter. Now, before he starts a day of skiing, he uses sunscreen on his face to prevent another sunburn. This is an example of

You eat a new food and that night become ill with nausea and vomiting. Later, you experience nausea whenever you taste or smell the new food. Why did you not associate your nausea with the cues of the room, the people present, the bathroom, and so on?