Exam 9: Developmental Theories Life Course Latent Trait and Trajectory

How can the process of aging out be explained?

Adolescents with a history of gang involvement are more likely to have been expelled from school, be binge drinkers, and test positive for marijuana.

An inclination or tendency to behave in a particular way is called a/an:

__________________ and Richard Herrnstein, published Crime and Human Nature in 1985 and suggested that personal traits-such as genetic makeup, intelligence, and body build-may outweigh the importance of social variables as predictors of criminal activity.

What does research show to be a key factor in terms of the early onset of criminality?

One of the small group of offenders whose criminal career continues well into adulthood.

The pathway of crime that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior leading to deviance and then to authority avoidance is known as:

__________________are a small group of offenders who begin their career at an early age and then continue to offend well into adulthood. For this group, the seeds of crime persistence are planted early in life and may combine the effects of abnormal traits, such as neurological deficits, with severe family dysfunction.

The concept of overt stability suggests that people change and develop as they mature; life events have a significant influence on future behavior.

Integrating ___________, social, and psychological elements, the Gluecks' research suggested that the initiation and continuity of a criminal career was a developmental process influenced by both internal and external situations, conditions, and circumstances.

The view that human development is controlled by a stable propensity or "master trait," present at birth or soon after is:

Most young offenders follow one of two paths. "Typical teenagers" who get into minor scrapes and who engage in what might be considered rebellious teenage behavior with their friends are considered to be __________________.

According to life course theories, over time individuals' behaviors will:

Social Learning theories hold that human development is controlled by a stable propensity or "master trait," present at birth or soon after.

Problem behavior syndrome portrays crime as a type of social problem rather than the product of other social problems.

Life experiences resulting from encounters with formal social control mechanisms, such as police and other authority figures, limit opportunities for criminal behavior. Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory refers to such experiences as "turning points in crime."

Most life course theories assume that the seeds of a criminal career are planted early in life and that early onset of deviance strongly predicts ________.

Research indicates that criminal career trajectories can be reversed if life conditions improve and kids gain social capital.

According to the principles of age-graded theory, repeated negative life experiences create a condition called __________________.

A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition present at birth or established early in life that makes some people crime-prone over the life course is known as a/an: