Exam 5: Learning

A dog in a classical conditioning experiment salivates to a continuous buzzer but not to a single bell ring. This is an example of ____.​

Neural network models predict that the weaker the connection between two items, the ____ in connection strength when they are experienced together. ​

Jia is a bear trainer at the circus. She wants to teach Barney the bear to ride a unicycle. To do this, Jia first rewards Barney for sitting up. Then she rewards Barney only if he sits on the unicycle seat. Next she rewards him only for sitting on the unicycle seat and raising his paws toward the pedals and so on. By show time, Barney can ride the unicycle. This method is called ____.​

Carolyn knows a couple of tall people who happen to also be arrogant. Because of this, she tends to act negatively toward anyone who she sees as being tall. Carolyn's behavior is the result of ____.​

Lavonne despises"new age" music. So, when Lavonne refuses to clean her room, her mother makes her stay in her room and plays new age music through the intercom. Her mother tells Lavonne that as soon as she finishes cleaning her room, the music will stop. This is an example of ____.​

Extinction will be most rapid after a history of ____ reinforcement.​

Stephanie is studying her vocabulary words for German class. Each time she reads the German word and thinks of the English equivalent, she finds it easier to recall the meaning. Stephanie's experience is best explained by the role of ____. ​

Charlie Parker has been given several pairings of electric shock while listening to the Debbie Gibson song "Reverse Psychology," and thus, has been successfully conditioned to react with anxiety to the song. Now, instead of being paired with the shock, the song is paired with a flashing green light (a previously neutral stimulus). If Charlie still reacts with anxiety when the green light is flashed without the song, he will have ____.​

Which is the best example of vicarious conditioning? ​

Gretchen absolutely loves going to school. Her teacher uses enjoyable teaching methods, such as small-group problem-solving tasks, discussion of mini-essays written in class, and short review sessions of the previous half hour of class. Gretchen's teacher is obviously taking a(n)____ approach. ​

​Whenever Calvin throws his sister's doll in the toilet, his mother locks Calvin in his room. As soon as Calvin apologizes, his mother lets him out. Eventually, Calvin learns to apologize immediately, so that he can get out of his room sooner. Calvin is demonstrating ____.

Which statement about cultural differences in scholastic achievement is true? ​

Jerome tries to please his parents by always being good, but whenever Jerome's older brother, Tom, misbehave, their parents punish both Tom and Jerome. Jerome soon stops trying to please his parents because he doesn't think it will make any difference. This change in Jerome's behavior is an example of ____. ​

Bart notices that his father, Homer, is usually in an agreeable mood after his mother, Marge, fixes him pork chops. However, Homer is quite grumpy after a meal of three-eyed fish. Bart has learned that it is much in his favor to ask Homer permission to do fun things on pork chop night and to avoid asking such questions when three-eyed fish is served. Bart is using the type of meal served as a ____.​

Ta'Nisha, a regular smoker, is trying to quit. When she goes to bars or outdoor cafes where others are smoking, she finds the craving for a cigarette too strong to resist. Simply by avoiding bars and cafes that allow smoking, Ta'Nisha has found it easier to quit smoking completely. This example uses principles of ____. ​

What kind of reinforcer is money?​

Your knowledge of the word frog is made up of your knowledge of the four letters in that word, as well as all the frog knowledge you have, and any other froglike experiences. This best describes ____. ​

​Bill and Ben are about to have breakfast. Their mother asks Bill, "What would you like for breakfast?" Bill answers, "I would like some damn porridge." She slaps him, then turns to Ben and asks, "And what would you like?" Ben answers, "I don't really care, as long as it isn't any of that damn porridge!" Ben's misunderstanding highlights the importance of ____.

Han is fearful of the powerful Jabba. Han becomes fearful when he hears Jabba's low voice, but also becomes fearful when he hears any low voice. What phenomenon best explains Han's tendency to become fearful when hearing any low voice?​

​When administering punishment, it is least effective for the punishment to be ____.