Exam 14: Pretrial Visual Identification Procedures

In the Wade-Gilbert cases,the Court extended the Sixth Amendment right to counsel to all pretrial identification procedures.

The people who appear in a lineup or photo array other than the suspect are called ____________.

The Supreme Court held in Stovall v.Denno (1967)that due process forbids any pretrial identification procedure that is unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to ______________.

The right to counsel guaranteed by the Wade-Gilbert cases does not apply at the outset of a criminal investigation,instead,the right must "attach" when a "triggering event" occurs.

Eyewitness identification is complicated by the fact that people can easily change many of their facial characteristics,such as hair style,presence or absence of facial hair,and hair color.These changeable aspects are called __________________.

Data from The Innocence Project suggests that the leading cause of wrongful conviction in United States courts is:

Police are in the initial stages of investigating a suspect for involvement in a criminal offense.The suspect has not been indicted.Police arrange for a lineup,but don't provide counsel for the defendant.In the course of conducting the lineup,police followed certain procedures that were highly suggestive to the witness called upon to participate in the lineup.Which of the following is true?

Many of the issues that make eyewitness identifications problematic are not capable of control by the police.However,there are certain practices police can follow to reduce the likelihood of error in eyewitness identification.Most of these practices focus on _________.

Explain why the presence of counsel is required at a pretrial confrontation with witnesses conducted after the initiation of adversary judicial proceedings.

The generic term which means any type of presentation of a suspect in person to a victim to identify the perpetrator is

Name three of the five factors in Neil v.Biggers,1972,that the court stated should be considered in evaluating the likelihood of misidentification.

Briefly discuss the problems that may be associated with multiple line-ups or photo arrays.

The _________ process is highly selective and is as dependent upon psychological factors as it is on physical senses because it is an "interpretive process."

?Police want to require a person not in custody to appear in a lineup.This:

Foils should be chosen for their dissimilarity to the witness's description of the perpetrator,with the suspect standing out from the foils.

The creation or substitution of false memories through later suggestion is called:

Incomplete sensory acquisition by a person overwhelmed with too much information in too short a period of time is called ____________.

Explain the concept of incomplete sensory acquisition.

Before,during,and after an identification procedure,police and prosecutors should avoid giving witnesses any feedback on whether they feel they have made a "good" or "correct" identification.

A suspect may waive the right to counsel at the confrontation