Question 1

Explain how scientists have determined the composition and structure of the mantle.

Accepted Answer

Seismic wave data has helped geologists determine the composition and structure of the mantle. As seismic waves speed up in areas with denser rock (discontinuities), this tells geologists about the composition of the material. As the seismic waves slowdown in the partially melted athenosphere, this tells geologists about the structure or state of the material.

Question 2

Friction is the process that prevents tectonic plates from ______________ past one another continuously and can cause build-up of stress in a fault like the San Andreas.

Accepted Answer

A)  Subducting 
B)  Colliding 
C)  Slipping 
D)  Pulling 
A)  Subducting 
B)  Colliding 
C)  Slipping 
D)  Pulling C

Question 3

A rock that has deformed ____ under stress keeps its new shape when the stress is released.

Accepted Answer

A)  elastically 
B)  nonpermanently 
C)  plastically 
D)  flexibly 
A)  elastically 
B)  nonpermanently 
C)  plastically 
D)  flexibly C

Question 4

Earthquakes at convergent plate boundaries tend to occur in the ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  travel-time curve 
B)  Mercalli zone 
C)  Benioff zone 
D)  Richter zone 
A)  travel-time curve 
B)  Mercalli zone 
C)  Benioff zone 
D)  Richter zone

Question 5

Explain why long-term prediction of earthquakes is more accurate than short-term prediction.

Accepted Answer

Long-term prediction provides data where

Question 6

The San Andreas Fault represents a ______________ fault because the rocks on opposite sides move horizontally.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The San Andreas Fault represents a ______________...

Question 7

When stressed by a tectonic force, rock stores elastic energy that causes deformation, or ____, to build.

Accepted Answer

A)  compression 
B)  strain 
C)  fractures 
D)  vibrations 
A)  compression 
B)  strain 
C)  fractures 
D)  vibrations

Question 8

The most likely source of Earth's magnetism is ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  the flow and convection of liquid metals in the outer core 
B)  a permanent magnet that oscillates within Earth's core 
C)  the energy received by the Sun 
D)  convection currents in the mantle 
A)  the flow and convection of liquid metals in the outer core 
B)  a permanent magnet that oscillates within Earth's core 
C)  the energy received by the Sun 
D)  convection currents in the mantle

Question 9

Explain why seismologists use a travel-time curve to calculate the distance between an earthquake epicenter and a seismograph station.

Accepted Answer

The curve is made using the arrival time

Question 10

During the process of liquefaction, soil loses its shear strength and behaves like a ______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Solid 
B)  Liquid 
C)  Fault 
D)  Fracture 
A)  Solid 
B)  Liquid 
C)  Fault 
D)  Fracture

Question 11

P and S waves travel more slowly in the Moho than they do in the crust or below the asthenosphere because the composition changes from basalt to peridotite which is a more dense rock material which slows the speed of the body waves down.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

The moment magnitude scale ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  is based on the highest peak recorded on a specific type of seismograph 
B)  can be used to locate the earthquake epicenter 
C)  more closely reflects the total amount of energy released during an earthquake 
D)  is measured by recording the amount of structural damage in an area 
A)  is based on the highest peak recorded on a specific type of seismograph 
B)  can be used to locate the earthquake epicenter 
C)  more closely reflects the total amount of energy released during an earthquake 
D)  is measured by recording the amount of structural damage in an area

Question 13

Which of the following building materials normally bend and sway during an earthquake?

Accepted Answer

A)  steel 
B)  brick 
C)  adobe 
D)  stone 
A)  steel 
B)  brick 
C)  adobe 
D)  stone

Question 14

Explain how the estimated 9.0 moment magnitude rating of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake was determined.

Accepted Answer

Scientists examined coastal marshes on V

Question 15

Explain what best practices that engineers employee to reduce the potential for structural failure in regions with sand sediment and soil during an earthquake.

Accepted Answer

Engineers drive steel or concr

Question 16

The boundary in the mantle where composition changes allows seismic wave velocities to do what because pressure is great enough that the minerals in the mantle recrystallize to form denser minerals such as peridotite is called the 660-kilometer discontinuity.

Accepted Answer

A)  Velocity decreases 
B)  Velocity increases 
C)  Velocity remains the same 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Velocity decreases 
B)  Velocity increases 
C)  Velocity remains the same 
D)  None of the above

Question 17

A seismologist would predict that a tsunami produced by an undersea earthquake could travel at 750 kilometers per hour and grow in substantial height as the wave approaches shoreline where friction slows the wave speed down.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

In order to determine the epicenter of an earthquake, you would need a minimum of 3 seismograph station seismograms to determine the arrival time of both P and S waves.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

P waves and S waves ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  move along Earth's surface only 
B)  travel through Earth's interior 
C)  do not reflect and refract at boundaries 
D)  are the principal source of movement and damage on the surface 
A)  move along Earth's surface only 
B)  travel through Earth's interior 
C)  do not reflect and refract at boundaries 
D)  are the principal source of movement and damage on the surface

Question 20

Which specific type of body wave traveled through the Earth's inner core indicating it is a solid rather than liquid in composition?

Accepted Answer

A)  P waves 
B)  S waves 
C)  Raleigh waves 
D)  Love waves 
A)  P waves 
B)  S waves 
C)  Raleigh waves 
D)  Love waves

Exam 7: Earthquakes and the Earths Structure

Explain how scientists have determined the composition and structure of the mantle.

Friction is the process that prevents tectonic plates from ______________ past one another continuously and can cause build-up of stress in a fault like the San Andreas.

A rock that has deformed ____ under stress keeps its new shape when the stress is released.

Earthquakes at convergent plate boundaries tend to occur in the ____.

Explain why long-term prediction of earthquakes is more accurate than short-term prediction.

The San Andreas Fault represents a ______________ fault because the rocks on opposite sides move horizontally.

When stressed by a tectonic force, rock stores elastic energy that causes deformation, or ____, to build.

The most likely source of Earth's magnetism is ____.

Explain why seismologists use a travel-time curve to calculate the distance between an earthquake epicenter and a seismograph station.

During the process of liquefaction, soil loses its shear strength and behaves like a ______________.

P and S waves travel more slowly in the Moho than they do in the crust or below the asthenosphere because the composition changes from basalt to peridotite which is a more dense rock material which slows the speed of the body waves down.

The moment magnitude scale ____.

Which of the following building materials normally bend and sway during an earthquake?

Explain how the estimated 9.0 moment magnitude rating of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake was determined.

Explain what best practices that engineers employee to reduce the potential for structural failure in regions with sand sediment and soil during an earthquake.

The boundary in the mantle where composition changes allows seismic wave velocities to do what because pressure is great enough that the minerals in the mantle recrystallize to form denser minerals such as peridotite is called the 660-kilometer discontinuity.

A seismologist would predict that a tsunami produced by an undersea earthquake could travel at 750 kilometers per hour and grow in substantial height as the wave approaches shoreline where friction slows the wave speed down.

In order to determine the epicenter of an earthquake, you would need a minimum of 3 seismograph station seismograms to determine the arrival time of both P and S waves.

P waves and S waves ____.

Which specific type of body wave traveled through the Earth's inner core indicating it is a solid rather than liquid in composition?

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