Exam 2: The Process and Problems of Research of Criminological Research

Dr. Williams found that youth who participated in a program to reduce bullying in schools were less likely to bully or be bullied. The prevalence of bullying in youth was the dependent variable.

A researcher using a theory that asserted feelings of real or perceived strain was associated with criminal activity developed a hypothesis and then carried out a research study. This research utilized deductive reasoning.

Theory and data have a two-way, mutually reinforcing relationship. Researchers may make this connection by starting with a social theory and then testing some of its implications with data. What is this process called?

A researcher hypothesized that as liquor sales increased, so would the crime rate in areas near those liquor stores. What type of relationship between liquor sales and crime rates did this researcher hypothesis?

A graduate student that began her study at the bottom of the research circle and worked upward, engaged in deductive research.

Whereas ______ generalizability refers to whether findings about one group hold for other groups, ______ generalizability refers to whether findings based on a subset of the population hold true for that population.

Dr. Williams used the theory of differential association (theory that focuses on how associating and learning from delinquent peers influences crime) to collect and interpret data on vandalism committed in groups and individually. He invoked which type of process in conducting his research?

Which is the correct order of steps to developing a research question?

A ______ is a characteristic or property that can vary, whereas a ______ has a fixed characteristic or property.

According to your text, empirical generalizations refer to statements that describe ______.

Both deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning are essential to criminologists. However, sometimes we cannot always make useful predictions for every social situation or research problem that we seek to investigate. We may find unexpected patterns in the data we collect. What is the term used to describe this? Define that term. Then provide some suggestions on the process a researcher could invoke in order to make sense of their unanticipated findings.

A researcher wanted to examine if vandalism of a school decreased if the school had and enforced policies against vandalism. What is the dependent variable?

Refereed journals refer to a group of published papers based on newspaper or magazine articles that have been reviewed by researchers on their importance and relevance to social scientists.

In a study examining type of crime committed in an all-male prison, what should gender be considered?

A researcher that found a correlation between alcohol and crime predicted that crime rates were affected by the number of bars in an area. Which of the following was most likely her hypothesis?

. Deductive reasoning is mostly used in ______ research, whereas inductive reasoning is mostly used in ______ research.

______ is stressed by researchers who focus attention on the subjective dimension of the social world and refers to an understanding of a social process or social setting is one that reflects fairly the various perspectives of participants in that setting.

Compare and contrast inductive and deductive research. Describe the main motives for each of these types of research and then explain how they could be used within the same research study demonstrating your knowledge of the research circle.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about hypotheses?

"Battered women serve as experts of their own lives" is an example of authenticity.