Chat with AIExam 6: Learning
Describe the processes of generalization, discrimination, extinction, spontaneous recovery, and higher-order conditioning in classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Use an example of each type of conditioning to illustrate your comparison.
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotIn classical conditioning, generalization is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. For example, if a dog has been conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, it may also salivate at the sound of a similar bell. Discrimination, on the other hand, is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli. For instance, if a dog has been conditioned to salivate at the sound of a specific bell, it may not salivate at the sound of a different bell.
Extinction occurs when the conditioned response decreases or disappears when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. For example, if a dog has been conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, but the bell is repeatedly rung without presenting food, the dog may eventually stop salivating at the sound of the bell. Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest. For instance, if the bell is not presented for a while and then is rung again, the dog may start salivating at the sound of the bell.
In operant conditioning, higher-order conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus. For example, if a rat has been conditioned to press a lever for food, a light may be paired with the lever so that eventually the rat will press the lever in response to the light alone.
Overall, these processes illustrate how organisms learn to respond to stimuli in their environment through classical and operant conditioning, and how their responses can change over time through various processes such as generalization, discrimination, extinction, spontaneous recovery, and higher-order conditioning.
Cognitive-social theory emphasizes the connection between ________.
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VerifiedB
When Little Albert learned to fear all small white animals and not only the white rat he was conditioned to fear, he was demonstrating ________.
(36) VerifiedA
Mirror neurons in the brain are believed to be importantly involved in which of the following?
(45) In a Nike commercial that uses classical conditioning to increase sales, a famous, well-liked athlete is wearing a new brand of sneakers, in hopes that people will feel more positive toward the sneakers when seeing them in the store. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this situation?
(41) Four-year-old Matthew is very amused as he watches his cat Lucy rolling back and forth on the floor. He laughs out loud after watching, then drops to the ground and begins to imitate her playful behaviors. Which stage of Bandura's observational learning is occurring as Matthew reproduces the kitty's behavior?
(38) In classical conditioning, which of these is considered to be the inborn response that does not require learning?
(36) Suppose you had extinguished your fear of spiders for a few months and then this week you suddenly gasped in horror and felt your heart pounding when you saw a small spider on your desk. Which of the following best describes the experience?
(37) Deficiencies in mirror neurons may explain some of the emotional issues associated with ________.
(26) Which of the following develops during the course of conditioning, and is similar to the unconditioned response?
(38) People who play slot machines keep playing even when they are losing money because reinforcement is being delivered on a ________.
(35) Compared to rats raised in deprives environment, rats raised in an enriched environment typically develop which one of the following?
(36) An innate readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses is called biological ________.
(33) Sarah misses her curfew and decides it is best not to enter her house using the front door, where her parents will be waiting for her, but to sneak in through the back door. This is an example of ________.
(30) Explain the importance of Köhler and Tolman's research to human learning, and provide an example of how you might use insight and latent learning in your everyday life.
(41) George wants his son to stop pulling the dog's tail so George spanks his son every time his son pulls the dog's tail. What kind of operant conditioning is George using?
(40) Before Jamie takes a test in school he taps his pencil ten times on his head, then crosses his fingers for one minute. He believes this will help him get an "A" on his test. What is this type of behavior called?
(44) Tarani's father offered her a trip to Disney World if she got a 3.5 grade point average this year. In this example, the trip to Disney World is ________.
(34) John was bitten by a German shepherd, and is now afraid of them, but he is not afraid of other types of dogs. John's experience is an example of ________.
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