Chat with AIExam 3: Social Cognition: Thinking About the Social World
Mood dependent memory refers to the fact that we are more likely to remember positive information when in a positive mood and more likely to remember negative information when in a negative mood.
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Peter has a gambling problem.Using the concept of the illusion of control,how can Peter's gambling problem be explained?
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotThe illusion of control is a cognitive bias that leads individuals to believe they have more control over the outcomes of chance events than they actually do. This psychological phenomenon can be a significant factor in explaining Peter's gambling problem.
When it comes to gambling, games of chance such as slot machines, roulette, or lottery tickets are designed to produce random outcomes. However, individuals with a gambling problem like Peter may overestimate their ability to influence these outcomes through skill, strategy, or superstitions. This overconfidence in their control can stem from various cognitive distortions and psychological mechanisms.
Here are some ways the illusion of control might manifest in Peter's gambling behavior:
1. **Personal Rituals and Superstitions**: Peter might engage in specific rituals or adhere to certain superstitions, believing that these actions have a direct impact on the likelihood of winning. For example, he might wear a 'lucky' shirt or have a 'lucky' routine he performs before placing a bet.
2. **Selective Memory**: Peter may remember his wins more vividly than his losses, leading to a skewed perception of his gambling success. This selective recall reinforces his belief that he has a strategy that works, even though his overall losses may outnumber his wins.
3. **Near Misses**: Experiencing a near miss, such as when a slot machine shows two out of three matching symbols, can falsely signal to Peter that he is 'getting closer' to a win, encouraging him to keep playing in the mistaken belief that success is imminent.
4. **Gambler's Fallacy**: If Peter subscribes to the gambler's fallacy, he might believe that after a string of losses, he is 'due' for a win, or after a win, he is on a 'hot streak.' This misconception about how probability works can lead him to continue gambling under the false impression that he can predict or control the outcomes.
5. **Overconfidence in Skill**: In games that involve some degree of skill, like poker or sports betting, Peter might overestimate his abilities and believe that his skill can consistently overcome the house edge or the odds, leading to persistent gambling despite losses.
6. **Interpreting Control Cues**: Casinos and gambling environments often provide cues that give players the illusion of control, such as allowing them to choose their own lottery numbers or roll the dice in craps. Peter might interpret these opportunities as ways to exert control over the game's outcome.
The illusion of control can be particularly dangerous for individuals with a gambling problem because it reinforces their engagement in the behavior despite negative consequences. It can lead to persistent gambling, chasing losses, and an inability to stop or reduce gambling behavior.
To address his gambling problem, Peter would benefit from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) that targets these irrational beliefs and cognitive distortions. Through therapy, he can learn to recognize and challenge the illusion of control, develop healthier coping strategies, and ultimately reduce or eliminate his problematic gambling behavior.
Jane is in a very good mood.According to the mood congruence effect,what information from her day will Jane be more likely to remember?
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Describe how schemas are activated.Once schemas are activated,how do they influence our processing and interpretation of subsequent information we encounter in the social world?
(30) _____________ is a type of schema in which we apply generalized information to an individual based on the group to which he or she belongs.
(29) A prediction that causes itself to become true is known as selective filtering.
(30) Which psychologist(s)is (are)credited with first describing heuristics?
(25) What area of the brain has been identified as critical to emotional processing and memory?
(35) Tom sustained serious injuries in a car accident and was paralyzed from the neck down.Provide an example of how Tom could engage in counterfactual thinking and feel better about his situation.Describe an example of how Tom could engage in counterfactual thinking and feel worse about his situation.Include a definition of counterfactual thinking in your answer.
(33) Katherine believes that in the future she will earn a higher salary than her classmates once she's out of college and that she is less likely to incur any financial problems.Katherine is exhibiting:
(42) You are asked to estimate the work productivity of an employee.If you under or overestimated their productivity as a result of using your own level of productivity as a starting point,this would illustrate _____________.
(34) A state of having more confidence in one's judgment or control over a situation than is really justified refers to what concept?
(38) Justin is convinced that his girlfriend's parents do not like him.When Justin arrives at their house for a party,he feels so uncomfortable that he does not act in a friendly manner.His girlfriend's parents,in turn,see Justin as rude and antisocial.This example best illustrates ____________.
(36) If a schema is strong and well-developed then you will likely:
(39) Which of the following would NOT be considered a consequence of being in a good mood?
(35) A researcher activates a schema about professors by subliminally.
flashing words such as 'absentminded' and 'scatterbrained.'In other
words,she has primed the schema for professor.
(33) In which of the following situations would George be most likely to rely on heuristics?
(38) How does mood influence the way we remember and learn information? Describe at least two ways in which mood affects cognition.If you had an important decision to make,would it better to be in a positive or negative mood? Why?
(36) Suppose you have developed a new weight loss drug which on average helps overweight and obese individuals lose up to 15% of their body weight.Using information about the framing heuristic,describe both an effective and ineffective way of marketing your new product and explain why one strategy is likely to be more successful over the other strategy.
(35) The representativeness heuristic is a rule used to estimate the likelihood of an event based on how well it fits with your expectations of a model for that event.
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