Question 1

Looking away from an unpleasant event and sucking their thumb are common ways infants

Accepted Answer

A)  show displeasure. 
B)  display fear-based aggression. 
C)  regulate their emotions. 
D)  discriminate between emotions. 
E)  display their temperament style. 
A)  show displeasure. 
B)  display fear-based aggression. 
C)  regulate their emotions. 
D)  discriminate between emotions. 
E)  display their temperament style. C

Question 2

How is Bowlby's theory of attachment supported by other researchers and theorists?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's psychosocial theory's first stage of trust versus mistrust describes the importance of early, stable relationships with a caregiver. Additionally, Harlow's research with monkeys provided evidence of the biological importance of infant attachment. Additionally, Mary Ainsworth's work using the strange situation helped to document the process of attachment formation and how to categorize differences among infants in their attachment status.

Question 3

Research has found that infants indicate a sense of self through their reaction to contingency experiences. An example of a contingency experience could include the infant

Accepted Answer

A)  staring looking at a picture. 
B)  cooing after kicking a mobile with their foot. 
C)  crying when hungry. 
D)  crying more intensely when tired. 
E)  staring at a stranger. 
A)  staring looking at a picture. 
B)  cooing after kicking a mobile with their foot. 
C)  crying when hungry. 
D)  crying more intensely when tired. 
E)  staring at a stranger. B

Question 4

Shirley is a teacher in the two-year-old classroom. Shirley smiles and specifically praises one child who helped another student who had fallen on the playground. Most likely Shirley is doing this to promote

Accepted Answer

A)  emotional regulation. 
B)  social comparison. 
C)  prosocial behavior. 
D)  moral understanding. 
E)  moral evaluation. 
A)  emotional regulation. 
B)  social comparison. 
C)  prosocial behavior. 
D)  moral understanding. 
E)  moral evaluation.

Question 5

Which is true of cultural influence on emotional development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Infants categorized as difficult in temperament show positive outcomes in Western cultures. 
B)  Most east Asian parents value strong expression of emotion. 
C)  Infants' interpretation of basic emotions differs in various regions around the world. 
D)  Infants in developing countries show more rapid changes in emotion regulation than infants in higher income countries. 
E)  Toddlers in Western counties display less variation in emotional expression. 
A)  Infants categorized as difficult in temperament show positive outcomes in Western cultures. 
B)  Most east Asian parents value strong expression of emotion. 
C)  Infants' interpretation of basic emotions differs in various regions around the world. 
D)  Infants in developing countries show more rapid changes in emotion regulation than infants in higher income countries. 
E)  Toddlers in Western counties display less variation in emotional expression.

Question 6

Thomas and Chess's temperament profiles were clustered into which three categories?

Accepted Answer

A)  Positive, Negative, Neutral 
B)  Easy, Difficult, Neutral 
C)  Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up 
D)  Positive, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up 
E)  Difficult, Positive, Neutral 
A)  Positive, Negative, Neutral 
B)  Easy, Difficult, Neutral 
C)  Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up 
D)  Positive, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up 
E)  Difficult, Positive, Neutral

Question 7

Sharah, a 24-month-old child, seems confused when a relative starts asking her questions but instead of maintaining eye contact with Sharah, looks at another person. This confusion may indicate Sharah's development of the _______ self.

Accepted Answer

A)  ecological 
B)  subjective 
C)  interpersonal 
D)  relational 
E)  objective 
A)  ecological 
B)  subjective 
C)  interpersonal 
D)  relational 
E)  objective

Question 8

Parents of eight-month-old fraternal twins, Adrienne and Addison, found that each child responds very differently to noises and activity levels in the room. Addison is bothered by increased activity while Adrienne appears to enjoy the extra activity. After noticing this, one parent will often take Addison off to a quiet side of the room, away from the high noise and activity. According to research, is this a wise decision?

Accepted Answer

A)  No, Addison will likely develop separation anxiety as a result. 
B)  No, this will more likely lead to an insecure attachment relationship. 
C)  Yes, this is an example of goodness of fit between parenting and child temperament. 
D)  Yes, this difference is likely caused by differences in attachment style. 
E)  No, this will not help Addison develop emotional self-regulation. 
A)  No, Addison will likely develop separation anxiety as a result. 
B)  No, this will more likely lead to an insecure attachment relationship. 
C)  Yes, this is an example of goodness of fit between parenting and child temperament. 
D)  Yes, this difference is likely caused by differences in attachment style. 
E)  No, this will not help Addison develop emotional self-regulation.

Question 9

Rosie, an 18-month-old in the young toddler classroom, is cared for by two responsive caregivers. One caregiver is very expressive while the other is quiet and more reserved. Rosie's father has noticed that Rosie responds to the very big smiles of one caregiver, but also responds to the very subtle smiles of the other caregiver. This could be evidence of the child's

Accepted Answer

A)  development of self-conscious emotions. 
B)  inability to manage the difference in the two caregiving styles. 
C)  temperament being mismatched with one of the caregivers. 
D)  ability to express multiple emotions. 
E)  ability to discriminate gradations in emotions. 
A)  development of self-conscious emotions. 
B)  inability to manage the difference in the two caregiving styles. 
C)  temperament being mismatched with one of the caregivers. 
D)  ability to express multiple emotions. 
E)  ability to discriminate gradations in emotions.

Question 10

Thomas and Chess and other researchers found that temperament

Accepted Answer

A)  was a relatively stable characteristic from infancy through childhood and adulthood. 
B)  is heavily determined by environmental factors. 
C)  has little to do with how the child will develop socially, emotionally, or academically. 
D)  has low correlation with the "big five" personality traits later in life. 
E)  changes a lot during infancy and childhood but is relatively stable after the teen years. 
A)  was a relatively stable characteristic from infancy through childhood and adulthood. 
B)  is heavily determined by environmental factors. 
C)  has little to do with how the child will develop socially, emotionally, or academically. 
D)  has low correlation with the "big five" personality traits later in life. 
E)  changes a lot during infancy and childhood but is relatively stable after the teen years.

Question 11

What is effortful control and why is it important to a child's development?

Accepted Answer

Effortful control refers to a child's ca

Question 12

Jade positively responds to having regular routines, has a pleasant disposition, and adapts easily to new experiences. Thomas and Chess's model of temperament would identify Jade as a(n) _______ child.

Accepted Answer

A)  slow-to-warm-up 
B)  difficult 
C)  positively oriented 
D)  easy 
E)  low maintenance 
A)  slow-to-warm-up 
B)  difficult 
C)  positively oriented 
D)  easy 
E)  low maintenance

Question 13

Sage is a 14-month-old who will often cry loudly when in a new situation or is introduced to new people. Rothbart might say that Sage is high in the temperament dimension

Accepted Answer

A)  distress to limitations. 
B)  disinhibition. 
C)  soothing abilities. 
D)  emotional stress. 
E)  fear and inhibition. 
A)  distress to limitations. 
B)  disinhibition. 
C)  soothing abilities. 
D)  emotional stress. 
E)  fear and inhibition.

Question 14

Margarita has grown up in a large, Hispanic family. Margarita's often cared for by female members of the family but spends little time with her father and other male family members. One possible explanation for this is the

Accepted Answer

A)  he tendency for large families in certain cultures to show clearly defined gender roles. 
B)  tendency for males to play a smaller role in child rearing in societies across the globe. 
C)  solidifying of gender expectations to be adaptive from an ethological perspective. 
D)  stronger attachment Margarita has formed toward female family members than male family members. 
E)  tendency for female heads-of-household environments in the United States. 
A)  he tendency for large families in certain cultures to show clearly defined gender roles. 
B)  tendency for males to play a smaller role in child rearing in societies across the globe. 
C)  solidifying of gender expectations to be adaptive from an ethological perspective. 
D)  stronger attachment Margarita has formed toward female family members than male family members. 
E)  tendency for female heads-of-household environments in the United States.

Question 15

Which has not been observed in cross-cultural research of infant emotional development and attachment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Differences in the structure of childcare arrangements 
B)  Differences in parents' views and expectations around appropriate infant and child behaviors 
C)  Differences in whether infants actually form an attachment with their caregivers 
D)  Differences in infants' experiences of being separated from primary caregivers 
E)  Differences in infants' experiences interacting with strangers 
A)  Differences in the structure of childcare arrangements 
B)  Differences in parents' views and expectations around appropriate infant and child behaviors 
C)  Differences in whether infants actually form an attachment with their caregivers 
D)  Differences in infants' experiences of being separated from primary caregivers 
E)  Differences in infants' experiences interacting with strangers

Question 16

A parent with the ability to manage negative emotions and cope with everyday stressors or what is known as _______, is more likely to develop a positive relationship with their child.

Accepted Answer

A)  emotional reflection 
B)  tolerance of risk 
C)  care management 
D)  distress tolerance 
E)  emotional care 
A)  emotional reflection 
B)  tolerance of risk 
C)  care management 
D)  distress tolerance 
E)  emotional care

Question 17

Which is an accurate statement about the context of attachment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ainsworth's original attachment patterns reflect traditional westernized norms. 
B)  Children from different cultural groups show separation anxiety at very different ages. 
C)  The process of attachment formation is virtually the same across all cultural communities. 
D)  Secure base behavior is only found among non-Western cultures. 
E)  Ainsworth's attachment categories are found consistently across various cultures and socio-economic groups. 
A)  Ainsworth's original attachment patterns reflect traditional westernized norms. 
B)  Children from different cultural groups show separation anxiety at very different ages. 
C)  The process of attachment formation is virtually the same across all cultural communities. 
D)  Secure base behavior is only found among non-Western cultures. 
E)  Ainsworth's attachment categories are found consistently across various cultures and socio-economic groups.

Question 18

Jayanthi stayed close to her mother upon entering a new home and became extremely upset when her mother left the room. Even when her mother returned to the room, Jayanthi was not easily comforted. The type of attachment relationship expressed by this behavior is most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  secure attachment. 
B)  insecure avoidant. 
C)  insecure resistant. 
D)  disorganized. 
E)  insecure ambivalent. 
A)  secure attachment. 
B)  insecure avoidant. 
C)  insecure resistant. 
D)  disorganized. 
E)  insecure ambivalent.

Question 19

Lila covers her ears immediately as the fireworks show begins to avoid getting upset. Lila is displaying

Accepted Answer

A)  disinhibition. 
B)  social referencing. 
C)  secure attachment. 
D)  emotional self-regulation. 
E)  emotional referencing. 
A)  disinhibition. 
B)  social referencing. 
C)  secure attachment. 
D)  emotional self-regulation. 
E)  emotional referencing.

Question 20

A parent and toddler visit a new playground. The toddler alternates between watching their parent and investigating a very steep slide. After seeing a fearful look on the parent's face, the toddler moves away from the slide. The toddler's behavior can be described as

Accepted Answer

A)  social norms. 
B)  social referencing. 
C)  emotional gauging. 
D)  emotion referencing. 
E)  social canvasing. 
A)  social norms. 
B)  social referencing. 
C)  emotional gauging. 
D)  emotion referencing. 
E)  social canvasing.

Looking away from an unpleasant event and sucking their thumb are common ways infants

How is Bowlby's theory of attachment supported by other researchers and theorists?

Research has found that infants indicate a sense of self through their reaction to contingency experiences. An example of a contingency experience could include the infant

Shirley is a teacher in the two-year-old classroom. Shirley smiles and specifically praises one child who helped another student who had fallen on the playground. Most likely Shirley is doing this to promote

Which is true of cultural influence on emotional development?

Thomas and Chess's temperament profiles were clustered into which three categories?

Sharah, a 24-month-old child, seems confused when a relative starts asking her questions but instead of maintaining eye contact with Sharah, looks at another person. This confusion may indicate Sharah's development of the _______ self.

Thomas and Chess and other researchers found that temperament

What is effortful control and why is it important to a child's development?

Jade positively responds to having regular routines, has a pleasant disposition, and adapts easily to new experiences. Thomas and Chess's model of temperament would identify Jade as a(n) _______ child.

Sage is a 14-month-old who will often cry loudly when in a new situation or is introduced to new people. Rothbart might say that Sage is high in the temperament dimension

Margarita has grown up in a large, Hispanic family. Margarita's often cared for by female members of the family but spends little time with her father and other male family members. One possible explanation for this is the

Which has not been observed in cross-cultural research of infant emotional development and attachment?

A parent with the ability to manage negative emotions and cope with everyday stressors or what is known as _______, is more likely to develop a positive relationship with their child.

Which is an accurate statement about the context of attachment?

Jayanthi stayed close to her mother upon entering a new home and became extremely upset when her mother left the room. Even when her mother returned to the room, Jayanthi was not easily comforted. The type of attachment relationship expressed by this behavior is most likely

Lila covers her ears immediately as the fireworks show begins to avoid getting upset. Lila is displaying

A parent and toddler visit a new playground. The toddler alternates between watching their parent and investigating a very steep slide. After seeing a fearful look on the parent's face, the toddler moves away from the slide. The toddler's behavior can be described as

Goals, Theories, and Methods

Heredity, Environment, and the Brain

Prenatal and Postnatal Health and Physical Development

Perceptual and Motor Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Language Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

Cognitive and Language Development in Early Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence

Filters

Exam 7: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Looking away from an unpleasant event and sucking their thumb are common ways infants

How is Bowlby's theory of attachment supported by other researchers and theorists?

Research has found that infants indicate a sense of self through their reaction to contingency experiences. An example of a contingency experience could include the infant

Shirley is a teacher in the two-year-old classroom. Shirley smiles and specifically praises one child who helped another student who had fallen on the playground. Most likely Shirley is doing this to promote

Which is true of cultural influence on emotional development?

Thomas and Chess's temperament profiles were clustered into which three categories?

Sharah, a 24-month-old child, seems confused when a relative starts asking her questions but instead of maintaining eye contact with Sharah, looks at another person. This confusion may indicate Sharah's development of the _______ self.

Thomas and Chess and other researchers found that temperament

What is effortful control and why is it important to a child's development?

Jade positively responds to having regular routines, has a pleasant disposition, and adapts easily to new experiences. Thomas and Chess's model of temperament would identify Jade as a(n) _______ child.

Sage is a 14-month-old who will often cry loudly when in a new situation or is introduced to new people. Rothbart might say that Sage is high in the temperament dimension

Margarita has grown up in a large, Hispanic family. Margarita's often cared for by female members of the family but spends little time with her father and other male family members. One possible explanation for this is the

Which has not been observed in cross-cultural research of infant emotional development and attachment?

A parent with the ability to manage negative emotions and cope with everyday stressors or what is known as _______, is more likely to develop a positive relationship with their child.

Which is an accurate statement about the context of attachment?

Jayanthi stayed close to her mother upon entering a new home and became extremely upset when her mother left the room. Even when her mother returned to the room, Jayanthi was not easily comforted. The type of attachment relationship expressed by this behavior is most likely

Lila covers her ears immediately as the fireworks show begins to avoid getting upset. Lila is displaying

A parent and toddler visit a new playground. The toddler alternates between watching their parent and investigating a very steep slide. After seeing a fearful look on the parent's face, the toddler moves away from the slide. The toddler's behavior can be described as

Goals, Theories, and Methods

Heredity, Environment, and the Brain

Prenatal and Postnatal Health and Physical Development

Perceptual and Motor Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Language Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

Cognitive and Language Development in Early Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence

Filters