Exam 1: Goals, Theories, and Methods

A university class practiced writing cover letters all semester. To test what they learned about letter-writing, the final essay asks them to write about ways to job search. This violates _______ validity.

An experiment that follows the same group of children over a period of time is called a _______ study.

Adrian is living on his own for the first time and is pursuing a romantic relationship with a friend. Out of fear of rejection, Adrian is struggling with self-doubt and is hesitant to share his feelings. This serves as an example of which psychosocial stage?

Early philosopher John Locke viewed children as a tabula rasa, meaning they were

A teenager begins bullying other kids at school. Upon investigation, a school psychologist discovers the student has been neglected at home and feels powerless. Which theoretical orientation might explain the teen's bullying behavior?

A child has difficulty processing information early on, leading to challenges in making friends and later experiences of being bullied. What are these related effects called?

Policies and programs are developed to improve and enhance the lives of families and children. Which national program has been implemented to benefit children's learning?

A child has the impulse to hit other children when he gets upset. However, the child realizes such behaviors are inappropriate and unacceptable, and therefore the child refrains from hitting. According to Freud's theory, the

Robyn and Marlene climbed the neighbors' fence to use their trampoline. Robyn's mom got angry and put Robyn on a timeout before giving a chore to Robyn. Marlene saw Robyn get scolded and punished and never climbed the fence again. Why?

The nature-nurture seesaw is best summarized by which of the following?

Gradual changes in an infant's ability to move is an example of _______ change.

Researchers want to test a new method of studying high-school course material that they hope to implement at a national level. A large group of students will be taught strategies that aid studying, and be instructed to implement the strategies on 3 separate days during 1-hour study breaks. A second group of students will also study for 3 separate days for 1-hour breaks, but without being taught memory strategies. That is, the researchers will only include half of the enrolled class in the group taught the new strategies and the other half of the class will study without any specific instruction. Then researchers will test students on their learning at the end of the study. What kind of study design does this represent? How should the sample population be selected and how generalizable would this study be?

New parents are bringing their infant into their new home for the first time. Mark and Mary are worried about being the best possible parents and creating an optimal home environment for their newborn child to grow with firm and fair discipline. What would philosophers Rousseau and Locke recommend these parents do? What would a child developmentalist say today?

Middle schoolers participated in a sex education and health program early in the year. They were tested at the end of the program to measure what they retained. A week later, they were tested again to see if individual children received similar scores. Which type of reliability is demonstrated?

Theory is best defined as

Children learn by observing others around them, even if behaviors are positive or negative. If children see bullying or other negative social behaviors go unpunished what impact might this have on witnessing such an event?

Every time a mom gives her 18-month-old infant a snack she hand-signs "thank you" to teach the toddler to say thank you when receiving her snack. This leads to the child displaying the same hand sign every time the toddler wants a snack but not after receiving it. How might a behaviorist explain this?

A mother and young child walked past a man with long hair. The child shouted: "Why does that mommy have a beard?" After mother explains that men can have long hair, the child now modifies the notion of men to include possibly having long hair. This is an example of

A scientist interested in examining age-related differences in children's use of mathematical strategies is an example of which developmental approach?

Rutter (1981) conducted a study on children from an orphanage: When infants received adequate care in adoptive homes, they became more affectionate, more cheerful. This is an example of