Exam 10: Studying Adaptation: Evolutionary Analysis of Form and Function

To demonstrate the response of several Daphnia genotypes across a wide range of environments,Luc De Meester (1996)measured the change in phototactic behavior of Daphnia sampled from lakes that contained different numbers of predatory fish.The lines drawn between control and fish-induced water are termed ________.[two words]

The replication of experiments or observations allows researchers to control for two important factors when considering experimental design.These two factors are ________ and ________.

In experiments by Greene and colleagues (1987)with the tephritid fly Zonosemata vittigera and the jumping spider Phidippus apacheanus,carefully controlled experiments demonstrated that ________.

The method used to plot the divergence that arises between sister species as they evolve farther and farther from their common ancestor is termed ________.

Huey and colleagues (1989)performed experiments to examine thermoregulation in garter snakes.Explain the factors that were examined in their experiments,how the temperature of the snakes was monitored,and the specific details of how the snakes can regulate their temperature by selective movements.

In the Kotukutuku plant,fuchsia excortiata,pollinated flowers turn colors from ________ to ________ in order to signal pollinators that nectar is no longer being produced.

To determine the role of mimicry in the behavior of the tephritid fly Zonosemata vittigera and the jumping spider Phidippus apacheanus,Greene and colleagues (1987)conducted carefully controlled experiments to correlate appearance and behaviors with the deterrence of predation.What two factors were found important in preventing predation of the tephritid fly by the jumping spiders?

Bush and colleagues (2010)photographed body and head lice on several cockatoos and compared the ________ of the lice on the bird's bodies and heads.

In the Kotukutuku plant,fuchsia excortiata,why do pollinated flowers remain attached to the plant for several days after pollination occurs and nectar is no longer produced?

Explain the role of behavioral thermoregulation in the experiments performed with Caenorhabditis elegans by Anderson and colleagues (2011).

In experiments by Greene and colleagues (1987)with the tephritid fly Zonosemata vittigera and the jumping spider Phidippus apacheanus,carefully controlled experiments were used to better understand the predator/prey relationship.Treatments were designed to test whether the display of the fly when disturbed served to mimic the appearance of the jumping spider and deter an attack.When the fly is exposed to the jumping spider,it holds its wings perpendicular to its body and waves them up and down,and additionally the flies have dark banding patterns on the wings.Explain the purpose of the five different treatments used in the experiment: Zonosemata untreated,Zonosemata with own wings cut and reglued,Zonosemata with housefly wings,housefly with Zonosemata wings,and housefly untreated.

What is the purpose of the null hypothesis in experimental design?

Choose the incorrect statement regarding adaptation from the following:

Clayton and colleagues (2003)examined the frequency of host shifts observed among both wing feather and body lice that infect doves.They observed that body lice rarely shift host species,whereas wing feather lice often shift from one species to another.The higher frequency of host shifts observed in wing feather lice is due to the observation that ________.

Conventional wisdom holds that oxpeckers remove ticks from the backs of cattle on which they feed in a mutualistic relationship,and the cattle tolerate the oxpecker's presence because the birds help remove parasites.Weeks (2000)performed observational experiments in Zimbabwe and demonstrated that the relationship between oxpeckers and cattle was not the removal of parasites but that the oxpeckers are ________.

In experiments with Caenorhabditis elegans by Anderson and colleagues (2011),the relationship between physiological performance and temperature was measured.This type of measurement is termed a ________.

Futuyma and colleagues (1995)demonstrated that host shifts by the herbivorous leaf beetles of the genus Ophraella in feeding on members of the sunflower family are due to the ________.

In experiments by Greene and colleagues (1987)with the tephritid fly Zonosemata vittigera and the jumping spider Phidippus apacheanus,the purpose for gluing housefly wings onto the bodies of the tephritid fly was to ________.

Futuyma and colleagues (1995)demonstrated that host shifts by the herbivorous leaf beetles of the genus Ophraella in feeding on members of the sunflower family are constrained by what?

Felsenstein (1985)developed a method to plot the divergence that arises between sister species as they evolve farther and farther from their common ancestor.This method enables researchers to better evaluate cross-species correlations among traits.The resultant plot provides divergences that arise between pairs of sister species as they evolve away from a common ancestor,and are known as ________.[three words]