Question 1

The common link among Princeton University, the Hasidim, and John Wesley is that they all

Accepted Answer

A)  played an important role in shaping Thomas Jefferson's political thinking. 
B)  were persecuted by their respective governments for unorthodox thinking. 
C)  flourished because of religious revivalism in the eighteenth century. 
D)  shared a bequest from the great Quaker philanthropist William Penn. 
A)  played an important role in shaping Thomas Jefferson's political thinking. 
B)  were persecuted by their respective governments for unorthodox thinking. 
C)  flourished because of religious revivalism in the eighteenth century. 
D)  shared a bequest from the great Quaker philanthropist William Penn.

Question 2

The Scottish philosopher Adam Smith (1723-1790) made what contention about individual self-interest?

Accepted Answer

A)  That it contributed ultimately to the general welfare of society 
B)  That it had to be kept in check by the strong arm of a powerful, centralized government 
C)  That it served as the source of all earthly woes, which only true Christian piety, as defined by the church, could alleviate 
D)  That it could be transformed into compassion and concern for the general welfare through the exercise of human reason 
A)  That it contributed ultimately to the general welfare of society 
B)  That it had to be kept in check by the strong arm of a powerful, centralized government 
C)  That it served as the source of all earthly woes, which only true Christian piety, as defined by the church, could alleviate 
D)  That it could be transformed into compassion and concern for the general welfare through the exercise of human reason

Question 3

Some of the more influential economic reforms of the eighteenth century were suggested by a group of economists in France called the physiocrats. What reforms did they support?

Accepted Answer

A)  They pushed for full government regulation of all aspects of the economy, especially agricultural production and international trade. 
B)  They believed the government should subsidize agricultural production in times of famine and provide a social welfare system for the urban poor. 
C)  They argued in favor of the complete abolition of taxation on commercial enterprises and trade, with the tax burden falling on peasants and the middle class. 
D)  They urged the government to deregulate the grain trade, make the tax system more equitable, and abolish urban guilds that prevented free entry into the trades. 
A)  They pushed for full government regulation of all aspects of the economy, especially agricultural production and international trade. 
B)  They believed the government should subsidize agricultural production in times of famine and provide a social welfare system for the urban poor. 
C)  They argued in favor of the complete abolition of taxation on commercial enterprises and trade, with the tax burden falling on peasants and the middle class. 
D)  They urged the government to deregulate the grain trade, make the tax system more equitable, and abolish urban guilds that prevented free entry into the trades.

Question 4

Why did social conservatives and the Catholic church view Freemasonry as a threat to the social order?

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include the followi

Question 5

Which of the following statements regarding the Seven Years' War is supported by this map?
​
  ​

Accepted Answer

A)  Russia allied with Prussia and Portugal during the war. 
B)  The British lost a considerable amount of territory following the war. 
C)  France and Great Britain were on the same side during the war. 
D)  Most of the fighting happened in Prussia, Austria, and Hungary. 
A)  Russia allied with Prussia and Portugal during the war. 
B)  The British lost a considerable amount of territory following the war. 
C)  France and Great Britain were on the same side during the war. 
D)  Most of the fighting happened in Prussia, Austria, and Hungary.

Question 6

The Gordon riots that devastated much of London in 1780 demonstrated the fact that

Accepted Answer

A)  class issues still played a large role in ordinary people's lives. 
B)  eighteenth-century governments, though aspiring to modern state management, were still far from their espoused goals. 
C)  Enlightenment ideas such as individual rights and equality before the law had finally taken hold of and emboldened working-class men and women. 
D)  popular demonstrations did not always support reform or religious toleration. 
A)  class issues still played a large role in ordinary people's lives. 
B)  eighteenth-century governments, though aspiring to modern state management, were still far from their espoused goals. 
C)  Enlightenment ideas such as individual rights and equality before the law had finally taken hold of and emboldened working-class men and women. 
D)  popular demonstrations did not always support reform or religious toleration.

Question 7

What was Empress Catherine II's response to the Pugachev rebellion, a massive uprising by the long-oppressed serfs of Russia in 1773?

Accepted Answer

A)  She increased the nobles' power over their serfs and harshly punished anyone who criticized serfdom. 
B)  She promulgated laws easing the legal restrictions that had prevented serfs from leaving family plots, earning independent livelihoods, and marrying without their feudal lords' permission. 
C)  She declared war on Prussia as a way of diverting attention away from social problems at home. 
D)  She repealed the tax increases of the midcentury and shifted some of the tax burden to the heretofore tax-exempt nobility. 
A)  She increased the nobles' power over their serfs and harshly punished anyone who criticized serfdom. 
B)  She promulgated laws easing the legal restrictions that had prevented serfs from leaving family plots, earning independent livelihoods, and marrying without their feudal lords' permission. 
C)  She declared war on Prussia as a way of diverting attention away from social problems at home. 
D)  She repealed the tax increases of the midcentury and shifted some of the tax burden to the heretofore tax-exempt nobility.

Question 8

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the most influential German thinker of the Enlightenment, established the doctrine of idealism, which was based on

Accepted Answer

A)  instinct, an attribute with which, Kant argued, all human beings were endowed. 
B)  divine revelation, because reason could not provide answers to the ultimate questions of existence. 
C)  ideas of sensations and a theory of mental processes later referred to as associationism. 
D)  the belief that true understanding can only come from examining the ways in which ideas are formed in the mind. 
A)  instinct, an attribute with which, Kant argued, all human beings were endowed. 
B)  divine revelation, because reason could not provide answers to the ultimate questions of existence. 
C)  ideas of sensations and a theory of mental processes later referred to as associationism. 
D)  the belief that true understanding can only come from examining the ways in which ideas are formed in the mind.

Question 9

Adam Smith's concept of laissez-faire economics argued that

Accepted Answer

A)  in order to maximize the effect of market forces and the division of labor, the economy should be free of government intervention and control. 
B)  since humans are naturally self-interested and greedy, the government must regulate the economy to counteract this self-interest. 
C)  the general welfare of society was best served if governments closely controlled international trade and currency markets. 
D)  the best way to increase a nation's wealth was through direct investment in manufacturing and heavy industry. 
A)  in order to maximize the effect of market forces and the division of labor, the economy should be free of government intervention and control. 
B)  since humans are naturally self-interested and greedy, the government must regulate the economy to counteract this self-interest. 
C)  the general welfare of society was best served if governments closely controlled international trade and currency markets. 
D)  the best way to increase a nation's wealth was through direct investment in manufacturing and heavy industry.

Question 10

How do the visions of Adam Smith and Jean-Jacques Rousseau on the proper relationship between individual self-interest and social good differ?

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include the followi

Question 11

Which nation expanded their position along the Baltic Sea as a result of the First Partition of Poland in 1772?
​
​
  ​

Accepted Answer

A)  Austria 
B)  Hungary 
C)  Prussia 
D)  Russia 
A)  Austria 
B)  Hungary 
C)  Prussia 
D)  Russia

Question 12

How did the rise of public opinion as a force independent of court society influence European politics in the eighteenth century?

Accepted Answer

A)  It pushed European leaders to solicit advice from the general public on a wide range of issues, from economics to social policy. 
B)  It led directly to a separation of church and state, as more people spoke out against religious influence in politics. 
C)  It forced leaders, including monarchs, to engage with their citizens and take reform and opposition to reform seriously. 
D)  It caused European leaders, especially those in France and Britain, to begin censoring newspapers and printed materials that spoke out against the government. 
A)  It pushed European leaders to solicit advice from the general public on a wide range of issues, from economics to social policy. 
B)  It led directly to a separation of church and state, as more people spoke out against religious influence in politics. 
C)  It forced leaders, including monarchs, to engage with their citizens and take reform and opposition to reform seriously. 
D)  It caused European leaders, especially those in France and Britain, to begin censoring newspapers and printed materials that spoke out against the government.

Question 13

Who was Madame Marie-Thérèse Geoffrin, and why was she so important to the spread of the French Enlightenment?

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include the followi

Question 14

Discuss the philosophes' focus on the individual as the vital component of progress and social reform. Using examples drawn from specific Enlightenment authors, explain how this influenced their approach to religion, economics, and education. Are there tensions between the Enlightenment's focus on the individual and its aspirations toward social/cultural change?

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include the followi

Question 15

Why do many historians and philosophers consider the Enlightenment to be the origin of modernity?

Accepted Answer

A)  It represented the first time that philosophy and natural sciences were taken seriously as pursuits of true intellectual value. 
B)  It was the first time that governments began to take the work of humanistic scholars seriously and apply philosophy to social and political reform. 
C)  It demonstrated that political and religious leaders could not ignore or simply repress the intellectual and social movements around them. 
D)  It advanced the secularization of European society and the idea that human reason, rather than theological doctrine, should govern social and political life. 
A)  It represented the first time that philosophy and natural sciences were taken seriously as pursuits of true intellectual value. 
B)  It was the first time that governments began to take the work of humanistic scholars seriously and apply philosophy to social and political reform. 
C)  It demonstrated that political and religious leaders could not ignore or simply repress the intellectual and social movements around them. 
D)  It advanced the secularization of European society and the idea that human reason, rather than theological doctrine, should govern social and political life.

Question 16

In the late eighteenth century, European women greatly benefited from the expanding interest in

Accepted Answer

A)  reading and books. 
B)  physical exercise. 
C)  child-care practices. 
D)  marriage law. 
A)  reading and books. 
B)  physical exercise. 
C)  child-care practices. 
D)  marriage law.

Question 17

How did Jean-Jacques Rousseau first become well-known?

Accepted Answer

A)  He wrote a prize-winning essay about the corruption of public morality. 
B)  He prevailed in a public debate against Voltaire. 
C)  He wrote The Philosophical Dictionary. 
D)  He was arrested by the state for criticizing the king. 
A)  He wrote a prize-winning essay about the corruption of public morality. 
B)  He prevailed in a public debate against Voltaire. 
C)  He wrote The Philosophical Dictionary. 
D)  He was arrested by the state for criticizing the king.

Question 18

Which of the following refers to eighteenth-century believers who believed in God but gave him no active role in earthly affairs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pietists 
B)  Jansenists 
C)  Atheists 
D)  Deists 
A)  Pietists 
B)  Jansenists 
C)  Atheists 
D)  Deists

Question 19

What did the writers of the Enlightenment call themselves?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sapere audes 
B)  Philosophes 
C)  Bibliophiles 
D)  Intellectuals 
A)  Sapere audes 
B)  Philosophes 
C)  Bibliophiles 
D)  Intellectuals

Question 20

Who among the following leaders was the only enlightened ruler to end the personal aspects of serfdom?

Accepted Answer

A)  Catherine the Great of Russia 
B)  Joseph II of Austria 
C)  Frederick the Great of Prussia 
D)  George III of England 
A)  Catherine the Great of Russia 
B)  Joseph II of Austria 
C)  Frederick the Great of Prussia 
D)  George III of England

Exam 18: The Promise of Enlightenment, 1750-1789

The common link among Princeton University, the Hasidim, and John Wesley is that they all

The Scottish philosopher Adam Smith (1723-1790) made what contention about individual self-interest?

Some of the more influential economic reforms of the eighteenth century were suggested by a group of economists in France called the physiocrats. What reforms did they support?

Why did social conservatives and the Catholic church view Freemasonry as a threat to the social order?

Which of the following statements regarding the Seven Years' War is supported by this map? ​ ​

The Gordon riots that devastated much of London in 1780 demonstrated the fact that

What was Empress Catherine II's response to the Pugachev rebellion, a massive uprising by the long-oppressed serfs of Russia in 1773?

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the most influential German thinker of the Enlightenment, established the doctrine of idealism, which was based on

Adam Smith's concept of laissez-faire economics argued that

How do the visions of Adam Smith and Jean-Jacques Rousseau on the proper relationship between individual self-interest and social good differ?

Which nation expanded their position along the Baltic Sea as a result of the First Partition of Poland in 1772? ​ ​ ​

How did the rise of public opinion as a force independent of court society influence European politics in the eighteenth century?

Who was Madame Marie-Thérèse Geoffrin, and why was she so important to the spread of the French Enlightenment?

Why do many historians and philosophers consider the Enlightenment to be the origin of modernity?

In the late eighteenth century, European women greatly benefited from the expanding interest in

How did Jean-Jacques Rousseau first become well-known?

Which of the following refers to eighteenth-century believers who believed in God but gave him no active role in earthly affairs?

What did the writers of the Enlightenment call themselves?

Who among the following leaders was the only enlightened ruler to end the personal aspects of serfdom?

Early Western Civilization, 400,000-1000 B.C.E

Near East Empires and the Reemergence of Civilization in Greece, 1000-500 B.C.E

The Greek Golden Age, C 500-C 400 B.C.E

From the Classical to the Hellenistic World, 400-30 B.C.E

The Rise of Rome and Its Republic, 753-44 B.C.E

The Creation of the Roman Empire, 44 B.C.E-284 C.E

The Transformation of the Roman Empire, 284-600 C.E

The Heirs of Rome: Islam, Byzantium, and Europe, 600-750

From Centralization to Fragmentation, 750-1050

Commercial Quickening and Religious Reform, 1050-1150

The Flowering of the Middle Ages, 1150-1215

The Medieval Synthesis and Its Cracks, 1215-1340

Crisis and Renaissance, 1340-1492

Global Encounters and the Shock of the Reformation, 1492-1560

Wars of Religion and the Clash of Worldviews, 1560-1648

Absolutism, Constitutionalism, and the Search for Order, 1640-1700

The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1700-1750

The Cataclysm of Revolution, 1789-1799

Napoleon and the Revolutionary Legacy, 1800-1830

Industrialization and Social Ferment, 1830-1850

Politics and Culture of the Nation-State, 1850-1870

Empire, Industry, and Everyday Life, 1870-1890

Modernity and the Road to War, 1890-1914

World War I and Its Aftermath, 1914-1929

The Great Depression and World War II, 1929-1945

The Cold War and the Remaking of Europe, 1945-1960s

Postindustrial Society and the End of the Cold War Order, 1960s-1989

A New Globalism, 1989 to the Present

Filters

Which of the following statements regarding the Seven Years' War is supported by this map?

Which nation expanded their position along the Baltic Sea as a result of the First Partition of Poland in 1772?