Question 1

Which of the following are part of the 10 principles of opportunity theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Crime opportunities are concentrated in time and space. 
B)  Some property offers more tempting crime opportunities. 
C)  Crime can be prevented by reducing opportunities. 
D)  A and C 
E)  All of the above are principles of opportunity theory. 
A)  Crime opportunities are concentrated in time and space. 
B)  Some property offers more tempting crime opportunities. 
C)  Crime can be prevented by reducing opportunities. 
D)  A and C 
E)  All of the above are principles of opportunity theory. E

Question 2

Which of the following is not an opportunity theory of victimization?

Accepted Answer

A)  Routine activity theory. 
B)  Lifestyle-exposure theory. 
C)  Structural-choice theory. 
D)  Social disorganization theory. 
E)  Multilevel opportunity theory. 
A)  Routine activity theory. 
B)  Lifestyle-exposure theory. 
C)  Structural-choice theory. 
D)  Social disorganization theory. 
E)  Multilevel opportunity theory. D

Question 3

Routine activity theory defines exposure as _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  The breakdown of communication between potential targets and potential offenders. 
B)  The closeness of potential offenders to other offenders. 
C)  The combination of criminal motivation and opportunity to offend. 
D)  The accessibility or visibility of potential targets to potential offenders. 
A)  The breakdown of communication between potential targets and potential offenders. 
B)  The closeness of potential offenders to other offenders. 
C)  The combination of criminal motivation and opportunity to offend. 
D)  The accessibility or visibility of potential targets to potential offenders. D

Question 4

The acronym VIVA stands for ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Value, inevitability, vicariousness, access. 
B)  Veracity, ingenuity, viability, accountability. 
C)  Value, inertia, visibility, access. 
D)  Voracity, inability, value, allotment. 
A)  Value, inevitability, vicariousness, access. 
B)  Veracity, ingenuity, viability, accountability. 
C)  Value, inertia, visibility, access. 
D)  Voracity, inability, value, allotment.

Question 5

Routine activity theory defines proximity as _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  The physical closeness of potential targets and potential offenders. 
B)  The emotional closeness of potential targets and potential offenders. 
C)  The genetic similarity of potential targets and potential offenders. 
D)  The previous victimization of potential offenders. 
E)  None of the above. 
A)  The physical closeness of potential targets and potential offenders. 
B)  The emotional closeness of potential targets and potential offenders. 
C)  The genetic similarity of potential targets and potential offenders. 
D)  The previous victimization of potential offenders. 
E)  None of the above.

Question 6

Which of the following is true of risky lifestyles?

Accepted Answer

A)  They place individuals in situations that are conducive to victimization. 
B)  They make people attractive targets. 
C)  They increase proximity to motivated offenders. 
D)  They create an absence of capable guardians. 
E)  All of the above are true of risky lifestyles. 
A)  They place individuals in situations that are conducive to victimization. 
B)  They make people attractive targets. 
C)  They increase proximity to motivated offenders. 
D)  They create an absence of capable guardians. 
E)  All of the above are true of risky lifestyles.

Question 7

The triplets of guardianship are _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Guardians, faculty, and offenders. 
B)  Facilities, managers, and employees. 
C)  Guardians, place managers, and handlers. 
D)  Victims, offenders, and law enforcement. 
A)  Guardians, faculty, and offenders. 
B)  Facilities, managers, and employees. 
C)  Guardians, place managers, and handlers. 
D)  Victims, offenders, and law enforcement.

Question 8

Lifestyle-exposure theory uncovered patterns suggesting that victimization _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Is not a random occurrence. 
B)  Is a random occurrence. 
C)  Disproportionately affects certain groups of people. 
D)  Affects all people the same. 
E)  A and C
F) B and D 
A)  Is not a random occurrence. 
B)  Is a random occurrence. 
C)  Disproportionately affects certain groups of people. 
D)  Affects all people the same. 
E)  A and C
F) B and D

Question 9

Explain how and why opportunity plays a role in criminal victimization. Select one type of crime (e.g., property, violence, bullying, sexual assault, robbery, burglary) to illustrate your explanation.

Accepted Answer

Opportunity plays a significant role in

Question 10

The opportunity perspective posits that the root cause of victimization is the favorable combination of _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Circumstances and time. 
B)  Places and people. 
C)  Space and facilities. 
D)  A and B 
E)  A and C 
A)  Circumstances and time. 
B)  Places and people. 
C)  Space and facilities. 
D)  A and B 
E)  A and C

Question 11

The principle of homogamy is defined as _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  People tending to choose mates and friends from others like themselves. 
B)  People associating with others who are different from themselves. 
C)  All individuals spending time with others who are in their surroundings. 
D)  Some people choosing not to spend time with others. 
E)  None of the above. 
A)  People tending to choose mates and friends from others like themselves. 
B)  People associating with others who are different from themselves. 
C)  All individuals spending time with others who are in their surroundings. 
D)  Some people choosing not to spend time with others. 
E)  None of the above.

Question 12

Guardianship does not include _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  Physical guardianship. 
B)  Social guardianship. 
C)  Mental health guardianship. 
D)  Target hardening. 
A)  Physical guardianship. 
B)  Social guardianship. 
C)  Mental health guardianship. 
D)  Target hardening.

Question 13

Which of the following does lifestyle-exposure theory suggest as influencing the types of lifestyles people adopt?

Accepted Answer

A)  Genetic traits and personality. 
B)  Role expectations and structural constraints. 
C)  Income and personal preferences. 
D)  Physical characteristics and social networking. 
A)  Genetic traits and personality. 
B)  Role expectations and structural constraints. 
C)  Income and personal preferences. 
D)  Physical characteristics and social networking.

Question 14

Which of the following is not a proposition of lifestyle-exposure theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Social interactions mostly occur between individuals who have similar lifestyles. 
B)  The amount of time an individual spends among nonfamily members varies as a function of lifestyle. 
C)  Lifestyles are determined by individual preferences and genetic makeup. 
D)  The likelihood of being in public places, especially at night, varies as a function of lifestyle. 
E)  All of the above are propositions of lifestyle-exposure theory. 
A)  Social interactions mostly occur between individuals who have similar lifestyles. 
B)  The amount of time an individual spends among nonfamily members varies as a function of lifestyle. 
C)  Lifestyles are determined by individual preferences and genetic makeup. 
D)  The likelihood of being in public places, especially at night, varies as a function of lifestyle. 
E)  All of the above are propositions of lifestyle-exposure theory.

Question 15

Does lifestyles-exposure theory lead to victim blaming? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

Lifestyles-exposure theory suggests that

Question 16

Which of the following is the best definition of routine activity theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Criminal behavior is a result of location, motivation, and target suitability. 
B)  Opportunities for victimization occur when suitable targets intersect with motivated offenders in environments with ineffective or no protections against victimization. 
C)  Victimization occurs when people are incapable of defending themselves against motivated offenders and other people are not present to assist. 
D)  Criminal motivation is caused by social surroundings, reduced opportunities for advancement, and the principle of homogamy. 
A)  Criminal behavior is a result of location, motivation, and target suitability. 
B)  Opportunities for victimization occur when suitable targets intersect with motivated offenders in environments with ineffective or no protections against victimization. 
C)  Victimization occurs when people are incapable of defending themselves against motivated offenders and other people are not present to assist. 
D)  Criminal motivation is caused by social surroundings, reduced opportunities for advancement, and the principle of homogamy.

Question 17

Compare and contrast lifestyle-exposure theory with routine activities theory. Note the key similarities, as well as the differences, between these theories.

Accepted Answer

Lifestyle-exposure theory and routine ac

Question 18

Lifestyle-routine activity theory has been criticized because _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  The theory does not address which of its concepts is the most important in creating opportunities. 
B)  The degree to which each of the concepts must be represented is not addressed. 
C)  There are no universal measures of the theory's key concepts. 
D)  Some characteristics may not be a product of a victim's lifestyle or routines. 
E)  All of the above are critiques of lifestyle-routine activity theory. 
A)  The theory does not address which of its concepts is the most important in creating opportunities. 
B)  The degree to which each of the concepts must be represented is not addressed. 
C)  There are no universal measures of the theory's key concepts. 
D)  Some characteristics may not be a product of a victim's lifestyle or routines. 
E)  All of the above are critiques of lifestyle-routine activity theory.

Question 19

Difficulty in measuring the lifestyle-routine activity concepts exists because _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  There are no universal measures of the theory's key concepts. 
B)  Researchers have agreed on the precise definition of proximity. 
C)  Target attractiveness is defined differently according to the target. 
D)  Academics and practitioners have different definitions of proximity. 
A)  There are no universal measures of the theory's key concepts. 
B)  Researchers have agreed on the precise definition of proximity. 
C)  Target attractiveness is defined differently according to the target. 
D)  Academics and practitioners have different definitions of proximity.

Question 20

Can lifestyles-routine activities theory be adapted to account for cybercrime? Give at least three examples to explain how the theory can be adapted.

Accepted Answer

Yes, the lifestyles-routine activities t

Which of the following are part of the 10 principles of opportunity theory?

Which of the following is not an opportunity theory of victimization?

Routine activity theory defines exposure as _____________.

The acronym VIVA stands for ________.

Routine activity theory defines proximity as _____________.

Which of the following is true of risky lifestyles?

The triplets of guardianship are _____________.

Lifestyle-exposure theory uncovered patterns suggesting that victimization _____________.

Explain how and why opportunity plays a role in criminal victimization. Select one type of crime (e.g., property, violence, bullying, sexual assault, robbery, burglary) to illustrate your explanation.

The opportunity perspective posits that the root cause of victimization is the favorable combination of _____________.

The principle of homogamy is defined as _____________.

Guardianship does not include _______.

Which of the following does lifestyle-exposure theory suggest as influencing the types of lifestyles people adopt?

Which of the following is not a proposition of lifestyle-exposure theory?

Does lifestyles-exposure theory lead to victim blaming? Why or why not?

Which of the following is the best definition of routine activity theory?

Compare and contrast lifestyle-exposure theory with routine activities theory. Note the key similarities, as well as the differences, between these theories.

Lifestyle-routine activity theory has been criticized because _____________.

Difficulty in measuring the lifestyle-routine activity concepts exists because _____________.

Can lifestyles-routine activities theory be adapted to account for cybercrime? Give at least three examples to explain how the theory can be adapted.

Origins of Victimology

Contemporary Theories of Victimization

Sources of Victimization Data

Personal Victimization

Victimization of Women, Children, and the Elderly

Property and White-Collar Victimization

Domain-Specific Opportunities for Victimization

Recurring Victimization

Victim Decision Making

Consequences of Victimization

Responding to Victimization

Fear of Criminal Victimization

Preventing Victimization With Environmental Criminology

Filters

Exam 2: Opportunity Theories of Victimization

Which of the following are part of the 10 principles of opportunity theory?

Which of the following is not an opportunity theory of victimization?

Routine activity theory defines exposure as _____________.

The acronym VIVA stands for ________.

Routine activity theory defines proximity as _____________.

Which of the following is true of risky lifestyles?

The triplets of guardianship are _____________.

Lifestyle-exposure theory uncovered patterns suggesting that victimization _____________.

Explain how and why opportunity plays a role in criminal victimization. Select one type of crime (e.g., property, violence, bullying, sexual assault, robbery, burglary) to illustrate your explanation.

The opportunity perspective posits that the root cause of victimization is the favorable combination of _____________.

The principle of homogamy is defined as _____________.

Guardianship does not include _______.

Which of the following does lifestyle-exposure theory suggest as influencing the types of lifestyles people adopt?

Which of the following is not a proposition of lifestyle-exposure theory?

Does lifestyles-exposure theory lead to victim blaming? Why or why not?

Which of the following is the best definition of routine activity theory?

Compare and contrast lifestyle-exposure theory with routine activities theory. Note the key similarities, as well as the differences, between these theories.

Lifestyle-routine activity theory has been criticized because _____________.

Difficulty in measuring the lifestyle-routine activity concepts exists because _____________.

Can lifestyles-routine activities theory be adapted to account for cybercrime? Give at least three examples to explain how the theory can be adapted.

Origins of Victimology

Contemporary Theories of Victimization

Sources of Victimization Data

Personal Victimization

Victimization of Women, Children, and the Elderly

Property and White-Collar Victimization

Domain-Specific Opportunities for Victimization

Recurring Victimization

Victim Decision Making

Consequences of Victimization

Responding to Victimization

Fear of Criminal Victimization

Preventing Victimization With Environmental Criminology

Filters