Exam 3: Theoretical Foundations of Crime and Delinquency

One theory can completely explain all the issues that are important to the study of juvenile delinquency.

Positivism uses science as a model upon which to base theories of human behavior.

Akers and Sellers conclude that certainty of punishment is the most powerful aspect of deterrence theory.

The law of retaliation.

Which criterion must be addressed when evaluating theories?

The classical school of criminology focuses on the _____.

Both the classical and positivist schools of criminology stem from the Enlightenment.

Scholars have learned that the size, density, and _____ of a population greatly influence economic and social policies.

Positivist studies don't consider the effect of family life on youths.

Who is credited with being the first to use scientific criminology?

Who is credited with founding positivist criminology?

Akers and Sellers conclude that _____ of punishment is the most powerful aspect of deterrence theory.

The positivist school focuses on _____ rather than punishment.

There are no criminal justice administrators who believe that shock deterrence tactics influence youths to obey the law.

According to positivist theory, the way to eliminate crime is to eliminate free will.

This thinker laid out nine principles that he claimed would produce more effective and humane justice.

Research has shown that youths don't imagine the distant future in the same way that an adult does.

This considers the external factors that affect juveniles.

Prior to 1900, juvenile offenders were treated much as adult offenders and subjected to the same punishments.

The _____ school of criminology focuses on the offender rather than on the offense.