Question 1

Discuss the five steps in hypothesis testing.

Accepted Answer

Answers may vary
Step 1. State the null hypothesis and the research, or alternative, hypothesis.
Step 2. Select an appropriate test statistic and obtain the sampling distribution for that statistic.
Step 3: Select a level of significance, termed our alpha level, and identify the critical region.
Step 4. Calculate the obtained test statistic using the data we obtained from our sample.
Step 5. Make a decision about the validity of the null hypothesis based on the results of our statistical test. We do this by comparing our critical value of z with the value we obtain from our statistical test or by seeing if our obtained statistic falls into our defined critical region.

Question 2

Because proportions are not whole numbers, the critical values for proportions are different than whole numbers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 3

In the figure below, one would reject the null hypothesis if ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  the z/t-value fell into the unshaded region 
B)  the z/t-value fell into the shaded region 
C)  the z/t-value fell directly on the middle of the distribution 
D)  the z/t-value fell right before entering the shaded region 
A)  the z/t-value fell into the unshaded region 
B)  the z/t-value fell into the shaded region 
C)  the z/t-value fell directly on the middle of the distribution 
D)  the z/t-value fell right before entering the shaded region B

Question 4

Why is probability theory needed rather than assuming that a finding is different from that of the population?

Accepted Answer

A)  Due to sampling variation a sample will always be at least slightly different from the population 
B)  To be 100% sure that our findings are correct 
C)  To say that our independent variable unquestionably causes the dependent variable 
D)  Confidence intervals are not enough to be certain of our findings 
A)  Due to sampling variation a sample will always be at least slightly different from the population 
B)  To be 100% sure that our findings are correct 
C)  To say that our independent variable unquestionably causes the dependent variable 
D)  Confidence intervals are not enough to be certain of our findings

Question 5

Using distributions for visual depiction, draw out a two-tailed hypothesis test that your sample mean is different from that of the population. Draw out a one-tailed hypothesis test that your sample mean is smaller than that of the population. Draw out a one-tailed hypothesis test that your sample mean is larger than that of the population.

Accepted Answer

Two-tailed hypothesis test that the samp

Question 6

The null hypothesis always ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  assumes there is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables 
B)  assumes there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables 
C)  helps us be 100% certain our findings are real 
D)  can be proven wrong 
A)  assumes there is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables 
B)  assumes there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables 
C)  helps us be 100% certain our findings are real 
D)  can be proven wrong

Question 7

The z- and t-distributions have nearly identical critical values when the sample size is over 120.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

The distribution below illustrates which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  one-tailed null hypothesis 
B)  nondirectional null hypothesis 
C)  directional alternative hypothesis 
D)  two-tailed alternative hypothesis 
A)  one-tailed null hypothesis 
B)  nondirectional null hypothesis 
C)  directional alternative hypothesis 
D)  two-tailed alternative hypothesis

Question 9

Which of the following is a correctly stated null hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A) H0: $\mu$ $\neq$ 10 B) H0: $\mu$= 10 C) H0 $\bar{X}$ > 10 D) H0: $\bar{X}$ < 10 A) H0: $\mu$ $\neq$ 10 B) H0: $\mu$= 10 C) H0 $\bar{X}$ > 10 D) H0: $\bar{X}$ < 10

Question 10

What type of hypothesis is a researcher stating when they say "I hypothesize that the independent variable positively influences the dependent variable"?

Accepted Answer

A)  directional alternative hypothesis test (one-tailed) 
B)  nondirectional alternative hypothesis test 
C)  negative directional alternative hypothesis test 
D)  nondirectional alternative hypothesis test (two-tailed) 
A)  directional alternative hypothesis test (one-tailed) 
B)  nondirectional alternative hypothesis test 
C)  negative directional alternative hypothesis test 
D)  nondirectional alternative hypothesis test (two-tailed)

Question 11

The critical value of t at a given alpha level will be smaller than the comparable critical value of z and is much smaller when n is very small.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

What type of hypothesis is a researcher stating when they say "I hypothesize that the independent variable influences the dependent variable"?

Accepted Answer

A)  directional alternative hypothesis test (one-tailed) 
B)  negative directional alternative hypothesis test 
C)  positive directional alternative hypothesis test 
D)  nondirectional alternative hypothesis test (two-tailed) 
A)  directional alternative hypothesis test (one-tailed) 
B)  negative directional alternative hypothesis test 
C)  positive directional alternative hypothesis test 
D)  nondirectional alternative hypothesis test (two-tailed)

Question 13

Because the t- and z-distributions use different distributions, there respective equations for testing hypotheses are different.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

When a researcher selects a particular alpha level, they are selecting the risk they are willing to take of making a Type II error.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Deciding to use a directional versus nondirectional alternative hypothesis most directly affects ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  the standard deviation 
B)  the sample size 
C)  the critical value(s) 
D)  the degrees of freedom 
A)  the standard deviation 
B)  the sample size 
C)  the critical value(s) 
D)  the degrees of freedom

Question 16

Using the first step in hypothesis testing, how would one represent the following statement from a researcher, "I hypothesize that my sample mean is different from the population mean"?

Accepted Answer

A) $H_{o}: \bar{X}=\mu$ $H_{1}: \bar{X} \neq \mu$ B) $H_{o}: \bar{X}=\mu$ $H_{1}: \bar{X}>\mu$ C) $H_{o}: \bar{X}=\mu$ $H_{1}: \bar{X}<\mu$ D) $H_{o}: \bar{X}=\mu$ $H_{1}: \bar{X} \geq \mu$ A) $H_{o}: \bar{X}=\mu$ $H_{1}: \bar{X} \neq \mu$ B) $H_{o}: \bar{X}=\mu$ $H_{1}: \bar{X}>\mu$ C) $H_{o}: \bar{X}=\mu$ $H_{1}: \bar{X}<\mu$ D) $H_{o}: \bar{X}=\mu$ $H_{1}: \bar{X} \geq \mu$

Question 17

A researcher calculates a mean from a sample of 37 people. The following hypotheses are stated: H0: $\mu$ = 40 and H1:$\mu$ $\neq$ 40. For $\alpha$ = .05, what is an appropriate critical value for his statistic?

Accepted Answer

A)  $\pm$ 2.00 
B)  $\pm$ 1.96 
C)  -1.65 
D)  -1.6 
A)  $\pm$ 2.00 
B)  $\pm$ 1.96 
C)  -1.65 
D)  -1.6

Question 18

We hypothesized that our sample mean of 58.5 is larger than the population mean of 52.5. This is can be graphed in the following manner.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

The following equation, $\frac{p-p}{\sqrt{\frac{P(1-P)}{n}}}$ , is used for obtaining the critical value for proportions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

For a two-tailed hypothesis test with a significance alpha level of .05, what is the critical z-value?

Accepted Answer

A)  $\pm$ 3.08 
B)  $\pm$ 1.96 
C)  +1.95 
D)  -1.96 
A)  $\pm$ 3.08 
B)  $\pm$ 1.96 
C)  +1.95 
D)  -1.96

Discuss the five steps in hypothesis testing.

Because proportions are not whole numbers, the critical values for proportions are different than whole numbers.

In the figure below, one would reject the null hypothesis if ______.

Why is probability theory needed rather than assuming that a finding is different from that of the population?

The null hypothesis always ______.

The z- and t-distributions have nearly identical critical values when the sample size is over 120.

The distribution below illustrates which of the following?

Which of the following is a correctly stated null hypothesis?

What type of hypothesis is a researcher stating when they say "I hypothesize that the independent variable positively influences the dependent variable"?

The critical value of t at a given alpha level will be smaller than the comparable critical value of z and is much smaller when n is very small.

What type of hypothesis is a researcher stating when they say "I hypothesize that the independent variable influences the dependent variable"?

Because the t- and z-distributions use different distributions, there respective equations for testing hypotheses are different.

When a researcher selects a particular alpha level, they are selecting the risk they are willing to take of making a Type II error.

Deciding to use a directional versus nondirectional alternative hypothesis most directly affects ______.

Using the first step in hypothesis testing, how would one represent the following statement from a researcher, "I hypothesize that my sample mean is different from the population mean"?

A researcher calculates a mean from a sample of 37 people. The following hypotheses are stated: H₀: $\mu$ = 40 and H₁: $\mu$ $\neq$ 40. For $\alpha$ = .05, what is an appropriate critical value for his statistic?

We hypothesized that our sample mean of 58.5 is larger than the population mean of 52.5. This is can be graphed in the following manner.

The following equation, $\frac{p-p}{\sqrt{\frac{P(1-P)}{n}}}$ , is used for obtaining the critical value for proportions.

For a two-tailed hypothesis test with a significance alpha level of .05, what is the critical z-value?

The Importance of Statistics in the Criminological Sciences or Why Do I Have to Learn This Stuff

Levels of Measurement and Aggregation

Data Visualization Techniques: Ways of Understanding Data Distributions

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Dispersion

Probability, Probability Distributions, and an Introduction to Inferential Statistics

Point Estimation and Confidence Intervals

Testing Hypotheses With Categorical Data

Hypothesis Tests Involving Two Population Means or Proportions

Hypothesis Involving Three or More Population Means: Analysis of Variance

Bivariate Correlation and Regression

Controlling for a Third Variable: Multiple OlS Regression

Regression Analysis With a Dichotomous Dependent Variable: Logit Models

Filters

Exam 8: From Estimation to Statistical Tests: Hypothesis Testing for One Population Mean and Proportion

Discuss the five steps in hypothesis testing.

Because proportions are not whole numbers, the critical values for proportions are different than whole numbers.

In the figure below, one would reject the null hypothesis if ______.

Why is probability theory needed rather than assuming that a finding is different from that of the population?

The null hypothesis always ______.

The z- and t-distributions have nearly identical critical values when the sample size is over 120.

The distribution below illustrates which of the following?

Which of the following is a correctly stated null hypothesis?

What type of hypothesis is a researcher stating when they say "I hypothesize that the independent variable positively influences the dependent variable"?

The critical value of t at a given alpha level will be smaller than the comparable critical value of z and is much smaller when n is very small.

What type of hypothesis is a researcher stating when they say "I hypothesize that the independent variable influences the dependent variable"?

Because the t- and z-distributions use different distributions, there respective equations for testing hypotheses are different.

When a researcher selects a particular alpha level, they are selecting the risk they are willing to take of making a Type II error.

Deciding to use a directional versus nondirectional alternative hypothesis most directly affects ______.

Using the first step in hypothesis testing, how would one represent the following statement from a researcher, "I hypothesize that my sample mean is different from the population mean"?

A researcher calculates a mean from a sample of 37 people. The following hypotheses are stated: H0: μ\muμ = 40 and H1: μ\muμ ≠\neq= 40. For α\alphaα = .05, what is an appropriate critical value for his statistic?

We hypothesized that our sample mean of 58.5 is larger than the population mean of 52.5. This is can be graphed in the following manner.

The following equation, p−pP(1−P)n\frac{p-p}{\sqrt{\frac{P(1-P)}{n}}}nP(1−P)​​p−p​ , is used for obtaining the critical value for proportions.

For a two-tailed hypothesis test with a significance alpha level of .05, what is the critical z-value?

The Importance of Statistics in the Criminological Sciences or Why Do I Have to Learn This Stuff

Levels of Measurement and Aggregation

Data Visualization Techniques: Ways of Understanding Data Distributions

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Dispersion

Probability, Probability Distributions, and an Introduction to Inferential Statistics

Point Estimation and Confidence Intervals

Testing Hypotheses With Categorical Data

Hypothesis Tests Involving Two Population Means or Proportions

Hypothesis Involving Three or More Population Means: Analysis of Variance

Bivariate Correlation and Regression

Controlling for a Third Variable: Multiple OlS Regression

Regression Analysis With a Dichotomous Dependent Variable: Logit Models

Filters

A researcher calculates a mean from a sample of 37 people. The following hypotheses are stated: H₀: $\mu$ = 40 and H₁: $\mu$ $\neq$ 40. For $\alpha$ = .05, what is an appropriate critical value for his statistic?

The following equation, $\frac{p-p}{\sqrt{\frac{P(1-P)}{n}}}$ , is used for obtaining the critical value for proportions.