Exam 10: Deduction and Induction: A Closer Look

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Think with Socrates does not contain a section on enthymemes. However, the concept can be defined briefly. This exercise defines an enthymeme and gives students a chance to practice filling in holes in incomplete deductive arguments. An enthymeme is an argument that is missing one or more premises or a conclusion. Each of the following deductive arguments is missing either a premise or a conclusion. (Thus, each is an enthymeme.) Add a statement to each so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid argument. -If it rains, then the roof gets wet. Therefore, the roof is wet.

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The following is one of the two ways to effectively criticize an argument:

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The following is a strong argument: It has been snowing for sixty days straight, and the prediction is for the snow to continue tomorrow. Thus, tomorrow it will probably not snow.

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If an inductive argument has all false premises, then you know it is weak.

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The following is a strong argument: It has been snowing for thirty days straight, and the prediction is for the snow to continue tomorrow. Thus, tomorrow it will probably snow.

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More enthymemes. In each case, fill in the missing element (i.e., add a premise or conclusion) so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid deductive argument. -All frogs are orange. No orange things are cute. So ...

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On deductive arguments. -If an argument is sound, then it must also be valid.

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The combination you will not find in a sound argument is:

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Think with Socrates does not contain a section on enthymemes. However, the concept can be defined briefly. This exercise defines an enthymeme and gives students a chance to practice filling in holes in incomplete deductive arguments. An enthymeme is an argument that is missing one or more premises or a conclusion. Each of the following deductive arguments is missing either a premise or a conclusion. (Thus, each is an enthymeme.) Add a statement to each so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid argument. -No dingbats are serious. All the members of the serious people club are serious. Therefore, …

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On deductive arguments. -If an argument has premises that are certain to be true and a conclusion that is certain to be true, then the argument must be valid.

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The following is a weak argument: Joe has eaten lunch at the taco stand every day for sixty days straight. Thus, tomorrow he will probably not eat there again.

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According to the text, logicians sort arguments into two types of reasoning: deductive and inductive.

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For each set of values, determine the mean, median, and mode. -Eleven widgets were tested at the Ace Widget factory, and the following values were recorded: 11, 14, 12, 13, 14, 14, 18, 14, 16, 14, 15, , Determine the mean, median, and mode for this sample set of widgets. otal: 155. Mean: 14.09. Median:14. Mode: 14

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Is the argument deductive (D) or inductive (I)? -It rained yesterday and the day before. Therefore, it probably will rain today.

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The following is a valid argument: Ann is a chemist. All chemists are good at math. Therefore, Ann is good at math.

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Inductive arguments are intended to show that the conclusion is probably true but not certain.

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On deductive arguments. -If an argument is invalid, then it must have at least one false premise.

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The following argument is valid: All students are billionaires. No billionaires are Republicans. So no students are Republicans.

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If an argument is inductively strong, then it must also be cogent.

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The only combination that you will not find in a valid argument is:

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