Exam 10: Deduction and Induction: A Closer Look
Exam 1: Socrates Part 1: Life and Method121 Questions
Exam 2: Socrates Part 2: Life and Death31 Questions
Exam 3: On Socratess Two Favorite Questions98 Questions
Exam 4: Cognitive Biases42 Questions
Exam 5: Relativism and Skepticism103 Questions
Exam 6: Reason and the Senses26 Questions
Exam 7: Personal Experience, Testimony, and Expert Authority14 Questions
Exam 8: Watch Out for Logical Fallacies38 Questions
Exam 9: The Internet, News Media, and Advertising41 Questions
Exam 10: Deduction and Induction: A Closer Look283 Questions
Exam 11: Explorations in Inductive Reasoning: The Logic of Science30 Questions
Exam 12: Explorations in Deductive Reasoning: Categorical Logic97 Questions
Exam 13: Critical Thinking and Moral Reasoning40 Questions
Exam 14: Critical Thinking, Worldviews, and the Examined Life36 Questions
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The following is a valid deductive argument: All rock fish are orange and red. So if we catch a rock fish, then it will surely be red and orange.
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"Organon" means "the organ we use for thinking, i.e., the brain."
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Some inductive arguments have false premises and a false conclusion, and yet they are nevertheless strong.
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Assume each of the following is a deductive argument. In each case, is the argument valid or invalid? (V or I)
-All cows are mammals. Some mammals are brown. Therefore, some cows are brown.
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On critically evaluating inductive arguments. Read the following arguments and carry out the instructions below.
-Read the following argument and list of additional items. Would the addition of each item strengthen the argument, weaken the argument, or leave the strength of the argument unchanged? Consider each addition separately from the rest.
The Ace Widget Company needs a new delivery truck. The truck must be capable of hauling heavy crates of widgets, and it must be adequate for heavy city driving. The company next door, the Ajax Bakery, has a delivery truck for sale. The Ajax Company's president says the truck worked extremely well for its purposes. The president of Ace concludes that the Ajax truck will make an excellent delivery truck.
a. The Ajax Company never hauled heavy loads.
b. The Ajax Company used its truck mainly on the open highway.
c. The conclusion is changed to: The truck will make a good delivery truck.
d. The conclusion is changed to: The truck will be OK, though not always perfect.
e. The Ajax Company plans to install a new widget-painting machine.
f. The conclusion is changed to: The truck will make an absolutely perfect delivery truck.
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Some inductively strong arguments have false premises and a false conclusion.
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Assume each of the following is a deductive argument. In each case, is the argument valid or invalid? (V or I)
-Only birds are blue. My pet is blue. So my pet is a bird.
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If an argument is valid, then, although its premises may be false, at least its conclusion is always true.
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Is the argument deductive (D) or inductive (I)?
-If Joe wins the bet, then he goes home early. He is not going home early. Therefore, he certainly did not win the bet.
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A deductive argument claims only that the conclusion is probably true.
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Deductive arguments are intended to show that the conclusion must be true.
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The following is a valid argument: No splogs are crogs. No crogs are blonks. So no splogs are blonks.
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In a generalization from a sample, the more random the sample, the stronger the argument.
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Think with Socrates does not contain a section on enthymemes. However, the concept can be defined briefly. This exercise defines an enthymeme and gives students a chance to practice filling in holes in incomplete deductive arguments.
An enthymeme is an argument that is missing one or more premises or a conclusion. Each of the following deductive arguments is missing either a premise or a conclusion. (Thus, each is an enthymeme.) Add a statement to each so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid argument.
-If the abominable snowman is a mammal, then not all species of mammals have been discovered. All species of mammals have been discovered. Therefore, …
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