Exam 10: Deduction and Induction: A Closer Look

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Aristotle's works on logic are known as the "organon."

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Assume each of the following is a deductive argument. In each case, is the argument valid or invalid? (V or I) -Some football coaches are poets. But no poet knows how to play football. So some football coaches do not know how to play football.

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Think with Socrates does not contain a section on enthymemes. However, the concept can be defined briefly. This exercise defines an enthymeme and gives students a chance to practice filling in holes in incomplete deductive arguments. An enthymeme is an argument that is missing one or more premises or a conclusion. Each of the following deductive arguments is missing either a premise or a conclusion. (Thus, each is an enthymeme.) Add a statement to each so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid argument. -No movie stars are hamsters. Some movie stars are rock hounds. So …

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Mathematical arguments are a type of deductive argument.

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If an argument has premises that are likely to be false and a conclusion that is likely to be false, then the argument is weak.

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Aristotle was born in the ____ century BC.

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Is the argument deductive (D) or inductive (I)? -If the Fleet Foxes are playing, then there will be a crowd. The Fleet Foxes are playing. So there will surely be a crowd.

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If an argument is inductively strong, then it must also be valid.

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Assume each of the following is a deductive argument. In each case, is the argument valid or invalid? (V or I) -If Sue wins, then Ed will be happy. If Ed is happy, then George will be happy. So if Sue wins, then George will be happy.

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Strong or Weak? -Professor Smith wore a bright red tie twice last week. He rarely wears a tie. So he will probably wear a bright red tie next week.

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Think with Socrates does not contain a section on enthymemes. However, the concept can be defined briefly. This exercise defines an enthymeme and gives students a chance to practice filling in holes in incomplete deductive arguments. An enthymeme is an argument that is missing one or more premises or a conclusion. Each of the following deductive arguments is missing either a premise or a conclusion. (Thus, each is an enthymeme.) Add a statement to each so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid argument. -If the sun is out, it is daytime … Therefore, the sun is not out.

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In an analogical argument, all things equal, the more specific the conclusion, the stronger the argument.

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Think with Socrates does not contain a section on enthymemes. However, the concept can be defined briefly. This exercise defines an enthymeme and gives students a chance to practice filling in holes in incomplete deductive arguments. An enthymeme is an argument that is missing one or more premises or a conclusion. Each of the following deductive arguments is missing either a premise or a conclusion. (Thus, each is an enthymeme.) Add a statement to each so as to turn the enthymeme into a valid argument. -Some sasquatches are registered nurses … Therefore, some registered nurses are hairy creatures indeed.

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Plato's Academy was located in Athens, Greece.

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Is the argument deductive (D) or inductive (I)? -Either we eat dinner at a fast food place, or we cook. We won't eat fast food tonight. So we'll certainly cook.

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The following is a valid deductive argument: If it snows, then we will go sledding, just like when we were kids. It is snowing. So certainly we will go sledding, just like when we were kids.

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Is the argument deductive (D) or inductive (I)? -If Jan cooks, the dinner will be late. It is not late. Therefore, Jan is certainly not cooking tonight.

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The following is a strong argument: Joe has eaten lunch at the taco stand every day for sixty days straight. Tomorrow is an ordinary day. Thus, tomorrow he will probably eat there again.

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Is the argument deductive (D) or inductive (I)? -We have only $500 to spend, and a good laptop is at least $400. Therefore, necessarily, we can buy at most one laptop.

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The following is one of the two ways to effectively criticize a deductive argument:

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