Question 1

According to a social functional perspective, why does the expression of sadness exist?

Accepted Answer

A) It causes the person experiencing sadness to isolate themselves from the group so that they can recover from their loss in isolation 
B) It pulls group members to the expresser and compels them to provide support and care 
C) It helps the body rest and recuperate from trauma by activating the peripheral nervous system 
D) It signals a transition from one goal state to another and triggers a transition to attempting to recover the lost object or person 
A) It causes the person experiencing sadness to isolate themselves from the group so that they can recover from their loss in isolation 
B) It pulls group members to the expresser and compels them to provide support and care 
C) It helps the body rest and recuperate from trauma by activating the peripheral nervous system 
D) It signals a transition from one goal state to another and triggers a transition to attempting to recover the lost object or person

Question 2

Stemmler, Aue, and Wacker (2007) studied the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity of soccer players imagining themselves in either anger- or fear-inducing soccer scenarios. What did they find?

Accepted Answer

A) Because both fear and anger are high-arousal negative emotion states, they found (as they expected) no differences in ANS activity between the two emotions 
B) Even though they are both high-arousal negative emotions, they found differences in ANS activity involving noradrenergic and adrenergic responses 
C) Even though they are both high-arousal negative emotions, only fear had an effect on ANS activity, specifically noradrenergic responses 
D) Since anger is a high-arousal negative state while fear is low-arousal, only anger had an effect on adrenergic activity 
A) Because both fear and anger are high-arousal negative emotion states, they found (as they expected) no differences in ANS activity between the two emotions 
B) Even though they are both high-arousal negative emotions, they found differences in ANS activity involving noradrenergic and adrenergic responses 
C) Even though they are both high-arousal negative emotions, only fear had an effect on ANS activity, specifically noradrenergic responses 
D) Since anger is a high-arousal negative state while fear is low-arousal, only anger had an effect on adrenergic activity

Question 3

Why might it be particularly useful for observers to be able to rapidly detect the gaze direction of people expressing fear, compared to other emotions?

Accepted Answer

A) Fear is generally a difficult emotion to recognize, so being able to contextualize it will be informative for the observer 
B) The observer can quickly locate the stimulus based on the expresser's gaze direction and prepare to respond if necessary 
C) Fear is the only truly social emotion, and, as such, must be spread rapidly through the group 
D) Fear is evolutionarily the oldest emotion state so it is not under the control of the expresser as much as other emotions 
E) All of the above 
A) Fear is generally a difficult emotion to recognize, so being able to contextualize it will be informative for the observer 
B) The observer can quickly locate the stimulus based on the expresser's gaze direction and prepare to respond if necessary 
C) Fear is the only truly social emotion, and, as such, must be spread rapidly through the group 
D) Fear is evolutionarily the oldest emotion state so it is not under the control of the expresser as much as other emotions 
E) All of the above

Question 4

Which of the following statements about group experience of emotion and group identification is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Groups that share either positive or negative emotion states can experience a heightened sense of group identification 
B) The shared experience of positive, but not negative, emotions can increase group cohesion and identification 
C) The shared experience of negative, but not positive, emotions can increase group cohesion and identification 
D) Only the experience of anxiety and fear about outgroup members fosters a heightened sense of group identification 
A) Groups that share either positive or negative emotion states can experience a heightened sense of group identification 
B) The shared experience of positive, but not negative, emotions can increase group cohesion and identification 
C) The shared experience of negative, but not positive, emotions can increase group cohesion and identification 
D) Only the experience of anxiety and fear about outgroup members fosters a heightened sense of group identification

Question 5

Keltner et al. (1998) examined the role of emotion expression in group dynamics by filming fraternity brothers. Based on that work, if both high-status and low-status group members want to maintain the current hierarchy of the group, what emotions should they express, respectively?

Accepted Answer

A) High-status: joy; low-status: sadness 
B) High-status: shame; low-status: embarrassment 
C) High-status: affiliation; low-status: reward 
D) High-status: hostility; low-status: embarrassment or appeasement 
A) High-status: joy; low-status: sadness 
B) High-status: shame; low-status: embarrassment 
C) High-status: affiliation; low-status: reward 
D) High-status: hostility; low-status: embarrassment or appeasement

Question 6

Which of the following theories proposes that relatively recently in evolution, social mammals (like humans) have acquired the autonomic nervous system features necessary to live peacefully in groups?

Accepted Answer

A) Fredrickson's Broaden-and-Build Theory 
B) Niedenthal's Smile Typology 
C) Oatley and Johnson-Laird's Cognitive Theory of Emotion 
D) Porges' Polyvagal Theory 
A) Fredrickson's Broaden-and-Build Theory 
B) Niedenthal's Smile Typology 
C) Oatley and Johnson-Laird's Cognitive Theory of Emotion 
D) Porges' Polyvagal Theory

Question 7

Which of the three smiles proposed by Niedenthal et al. (2010) fits most closely with the concept of a ""true"" or ""happy"" smile?

Accepted Answer

A) Shame 
B) Affiliation 
C) Reward 
D) Dominance 
A) Shame 
B) Affiliation 
C) Reward 
D) Dominance

Question 8

According to Oatley and Johnson-Laird's Cognitive Theory of Emotion, what is the primary function of emotions?

Accepted Answer

A) Generating cognitions that reach conscious awareness when the subjective affect is strong enough 
B) Communicating to other people in the environment what behavior the individual is about to take 
C) Reorganizing and redirecting the person's behavior in the service of managing progress towards goals 
D) Triggering reflexive behavioral responses that cannot be influenced by cognition 
A) Generating cognitions that reach conscious awareness when the subjective affect is strong enough 
B) Communicating to other people in the environment what behavior the individual is about to take 
C) Reorganizing and redirecting the person's behavior in the service of managing progress towards goals 
D) Triggering reflexive behavioral responses that cannot be influenced by cognition

Question 9

What are the three levels of social units, as proposed by Keltner and Haidt (1999)?

Accepted Answer

A) Individual, dyad, and group 
B) Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and societal 
C) Family, community, and institution 
D) Brain, relationship, and social network 
A) Individual, dyad, and group 
B) Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and societal 
C) Family, community, and institution 
D) Brain, relationship, and social network

Question 10

What best describes the behavioral and bodily state associated with sadness?

Accepted Answer

A) High arousal and approach-oriented 
B) Behavioral withdrawal and energy conservation 
C) Increased sympathetic nervous system activity and decreased cortisol release 
D) Increased adrenergic activity and decreased heart rate 
A) High arousal and approach-oriented 
B) Behavioral withdrawal and energy conservation 
C) Increased sympathetic nervous system activity and decreased cortisol release 
D) Increased adrenergic activity and decreased heart rate

According to a social functional perspective, why does the expression of sadness exist?

Stemmler, Aue, and Wacker (2007) studied the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity of soccer players imagining themselves in either anger- or fear-inducing soccer scenarios. What did they find?

Why might it be particularly useful for observers to be able to rapidly detect the gaze direction of people expressing fear, compared to other emotions?

Which of the following statements about group experience of emotion and group identification is true?

Keltner et al. (1998) examined the role of emotion expression in group dynamics by filming fraternity brothers. Based on that work, if both high-status and low-status group members want to maintain the current hierarchy of the group, what emotions should they express, respectively?

Which of the following theories proposes that relatively recently in evolution, social mammals (like humans) have acquired the autonomic nervous system features necessary to live peacefully in groups?

Which of the three smiles proposed by Niedenthal et al. (2010) fits most closely with the concept of a ""true"" or ""happy"" smile?

According to Oatley and Johnson-Laird's Cognitive Theory of Emotion, what is the primary function of emotions?

What are the three levels of social units, as proposed by Keltner and Haidt (1999)?

What best describes the behavioral and bodily state associated with sadness?

Theories of Emotion

Methods for the Science of Emotion

The Emotional Brain

Expression of Emotion

Self-Conscious Emotions

Happiness

Emotion and Cognition

Emotion Regulation

Emotion and Group Processes

Gender and Emotion

Universals and Cultural Differences in Emotions

Filters

Exam 4: Functions of Emotion

According to a social functional perspective, why does the expression of sadness exist?

Stemmler, Aue, and Wacker (2007) studied the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity of soccer players imagining themselves in either anger- or fear-inducing soccer scenarios. What did they find?

Why might it be particularly useful for observers to be able to rapidly detect the gaze direction of people expressing fear, compared to other emotions?

Which of the following statements about group experience of emotion and group identification is true?

Keltner et al. (1998) examined the role of emotion expression in group dynamics by filming fraternity brothers. Based on that work, if both high-status and low-status group members want to maintain the current hierarchy of the group, what emotions should they express, respectively?

Which of the following theories proposes that relatively recently in evolution, social mammals (like humans) have acquired the autonomic nervous system features necessary to live peacefully in groups?

Which of the three smiles proposed by Niedenthal et al. (2010) fits most closely with the concept of a ""true"" or ""happy"" smile?

According to Oatley and Johnson-Laird's Cognitive Theory of Emotion, what is the primary function of emotions?

What are the three levels of social units, as proposed by Keltner and Haidt (1999)?

What best describes the behavioral and bodily state associated with sadness?

Theories of Emotion

Methods for the Science of Emotion

The Emotional Brain

Expression of Emotion

Self-Conscious Emotions

Happiness

Emotion and Cognition

Emotion Regulation

Emotion and Group Processes

Gender and Emotion

Universals and Cultural Differences in Emotions

Filters