Question 1

What observation by Pavlov led to the development of classical conditioning as a model of learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dogs showed reflexes highly similar to people. 
B)  Dogs had to be conditioned to salivate. 
C)  Dogs salivated in anticipation of the food. 
D)  Dogs salivated after receiving the reward of the food. 
A)  Dogs showed reflexes highly similar to people. 
B)  Dogs had to be conditioned to salivate. 
C)  Dogs salivated in anticipation of the food. 
D)  Dogs salivated after receiving the reward of the food.

Question 2

When slight differences in the form of conditioned stimuli still produce the same conditioned response,the learning phenomenon of _____ is occurring.

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization 
B)  discrimination 
C)  second-order conditioning 
D)  operant conditioning 
A)  generalization 
B)  discrimination 
C)  second-order conditioning 
D)  operant conditioning

Question 3

Why was Little Albert not counterconditioned,or systematically desensitized,for his acquired fear of rats?

Accepted Answer

A)  Once learned, a phobia is permanent. 
B)  Systematic desensitization has been shown to be ineffective for treating fear. 
C)  His mother removed him from the study. 
D)  The scientific community considered the experiment unethical and ended it abruptly. 
A)  Once learned, a phobia is permanent. 
B)  Systematic desensitization has been shown to be ineffective for treating fear. 
C)  His mother removed him from the study. 
D)  The scientific community considered the experiment unethical and ended it abruptly.

Question 4

Getting paid monthly is what type of reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed interval 
B)  fixed ratio 
C)  variable interval 
D)  variable ratio 
A)  fixed interval 
B)  fixed ratio 
C)  variable interval 
D)  variable ratio

Question 5

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,animals are able to learn about new things in their environment because these novel events lead to a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  superstition 
B)  conditioned food aversion 
C)  orienting response 
D)  blocking effect 
A)  superstition 
B)  conditioned food aversion 
C)  orienting response 
D)  blocking effect

Question 6

Evidence for observational learning in nonhumans is present in all of the following examples EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  lab-raised monkeys becoming fearful of a snake after watching a wild monkey's reactions 
B)  a puppy learning to get into the cupboard with the dog food after watching an older dog open the door 
C)  animals that injure rather than kill their prey in order to teach their young how to hunt 
D)  a cat learning to come at the sound of a can opener because the sound predicts food 
A)  lab-raised monkeys becoming fearful of a snake after watching a wild monkey's reactions 
B)  a puppy learning to get into the cupboard with the dog food after watching an older dog open the door 
C)  animals that injure rather than kill their prey in order to teach their young how to hunt 
D)  a cat learning to come at the sound of a can opener because the sound predicts food

Question 7

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A)  a learned response 
B)  a reflexive action to a biologically relevant situation 
C)  something that elicits a learned response 
D)  something that elicits an unlearned response 
A)  a learned response 
B)  a reflexive action to a biologically relevant situation 
C)  something that elicits a learned response 
D)  something that elicits an unlearned response

Question 8

What is the name of the best-selling novel by

Accepted Answer

A)  Walden 
B)  Walden Two 
C)  1984 
D)  Erehwon 
A)  Walden 
B)  Walden Two 
C)  1984 
D)  Erehwon

Question 9

Katie is afraid of clowns.She has been trying to overcome this fear by getting into a very relaxed state and then going to the circus.After months of this exposure,she is no longer afraid when she sees a clown.What anti-phobia treatment is this action similar to?

Accepted Answer

A)  reconstruction theory 
B)  extinctive training 
C)  advocate theory 
D)  systematic desensitization 
A)  reconstruction theory 
B)  extinctive training 
C)  advocate theory 
D)  systematic desensitization

Question 10

What type of learned response occurs when a formerly neutral object begins to elicit a reflexive (or highly similar)response after it has been paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits that response?

Accepted Answer

A)  orienting reflex 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  consequence conditioning 
D)  unconditioned stimulus 
A)  orienting reflex 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  consequence conditioning 
D)  unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

A relatively permanent change in behavior that is not due to maturation but is due to experience is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  operant shaping 
B)  habituation 
C)  learning 
D)  behaviorism 
A)  operant shaping 
B)  habituation 
C)  learning 
D)  behaviorism

Question 12

The key to whether presentations of a stimulus will lead to sensitization or habituation is:

Accepted Answer

A)  whether the stimulus is potentially harmful 
B)  whether the stimulus is potentially rewarding 
C)  whether it is a sound 
D)  both A and B 
A)  whether the stimulus is potentially harmful 
B)  whether the stimulus is potentially rewarding 
C)  whether it is a sound 
D)  both A and B

Question 13

When one learns the consequences of an action by watching another person perform the action,this type of learning is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  vicarious learning 
B)  indifferent learning 
C)  occupational learning 
D)  amplitude learning 
A)  vicarious learning 
B)  indifferent learning 
C)  occupational learning 
D)  amplitude learning

Question 14

What causes extinction?

Accepted Answer

A)  The conditioned response is no longer rewarding to the organism. 
B)  The unconditioned stimulus no longer evokes a response from the organism. 
C)  The organism learns that the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  Spontaneous recovery fails to occur. 
A)  The conditioned response is no longer rewarding to the organism. 
B)  The unconditioned stimulus no longer evokes a response from the organism. 
C)  The organism learns that the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  Spontaneous recovery fails to occur.

Question 15

Food is considered a primary reinforcer,whereas _____ is a secondary reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A)  water 
B)  sex 
C)  money 
D)  none of the above 
A)  water 
B)  sex 
C)  money 
D)  none of the above

Question 16

What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Classical conditioning uses reward-based learning, whereas operant conditioning is caused by reflexive actions. 
B)  Classical conditioning is caused by reflexive actions, whereas operant conditioning requires cognitive evaluation. 
C)  Classical conditioning requires learning two events are related, whereas operant conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence. 
D)  Classical conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence, whereas operant conditioning is caused by reflexive actions. 
A)  Classical conditioning uses reward-based learning, whereas operant conditioning is caused by reflexive actions. 
B)  Classical conditioning is caused by reflexive actions, whereas operant conditioning requires cognitive evaluation. 
C)  Classical conditioning requires learning two events are related, whereas operant conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence. 
D)  Classical conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence, whereas operant conditioning is caused by reflexive actions.

Question 17

What does the occurrence of spontaneous recovery tell you about the functional properties of extinction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Extinction is a new form of learning, but it only inhibits rather than deletes the learned association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  Extinction is an adaptive response to delete spurious information from memory associations. 
C)  Extinction is a useful tendency to try to readapt old learning strategies to novel problems. 
D)  Extinction is the basis of cognitive learning, when applied to reappraisal strategies. 
A)  Extinction is a new form of learning, but it only inhibits rather than deletes the learned association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  Extinction is an adaptive response to delete spurious information from memory associations. 
C)  Extinction is a useful tendency to try to readapt old learning strategies to novel problems. 
D)  Extinction is the basis of cognitive learning, when applied to reappraisal strategies.

Question 18

If your license getting suspended for driving too fast makes you less likely to speed when you get it back,the suspension is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  positive punishment 
D)  negative punishment 
A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  positive punishment 
D)  negative punishment

Question 19

The process by which an environmental stimulus and a behavior are connected is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  cognition 
B)  episodic memory 
C)  conditioning 
D)  behavior modification 
A)  cognition 
B)  episodic memory 
C)  conditioning 
D)  behavior modification

Question 20

According to Watson's view,which is not necessarily considered accurate today,what is the only valid indicator of psychological activity and why?

Accepted Answer

A)  overt behavior, because it alone can be studied using the scientific method 
B)  self-report, because it is the most accurate measurement of subjective states 
C)  psychoanalysis, because individuals do not know the drives of their own subconscious 
D)  classical conditioning, because it demonstrates innate learning abilities 
A)  overt behavior, because it alone can be studied using the scientific method 
B)  self-report, because it is the most accurate measurement of subjective states 
C)  psychoanalysis, because individuals do not know the drives of their own subconscious 
D)  classical conditioning, because it demonstrates innate learning abilities

What observation by Pavlov led to the development of classical conditioning as a model of learning?

When slight differences in the form of conditioned stimuli still produce the same conditioned response,the learning phenomenon of _____ is occurring.

Why was Little Albert not counterconditioned,or systematically desensitized,for his acquired fear of rats?

Getting paid monthly is what type of reinforcement schedule?

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,animals are able to learn about new things in their environment because these novel events lead to a(n):

Evidence for observational learning in nonhumans is present in all of the following examples EXCEPT:

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

What is the name of the best-selling novel by

Katie is afraid of clowns.She has been trying to overcome this fear by getting into a very relaxed state and then going to the circus.After months of this exposure,she is no longer afraid when she sees a clown.What anti-phobia treatment is this action similar to?

What type of learned response occurs when a formerly neutral object begins to elicit a reflexive (or highly similar)response after it has been paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits that response?

A relatively permanent change in behavior that is not due to maturation but is due to experience is called:

The key to whether presentations of a stimulus will lead to sensitization or habituation is:

When one learns the consequences of an action by watching another person perform the action,this type of learning is called:

What causes extinction?

Food is considered a primary reinforcer,whereas _____ is a secondary reinforcer.

What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

What does the occurrence of spontaneous recovery tell you about the functional properties of extinction?

If your license getting suspended for driving too fast makes you less likely to speed when you get it back,the suspension is an example of:

The process by which an environmental stimulus and a behavior are connected is known as:

According to Watson's view,which is not necessarily considered accurate today,what is the only valid indicator of psychological activity and why?

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Exam 6: Learning

What observation by Pavlov led to the development of classical conditioning as a model of learning?

When slight differences in the form of conditioned stimuli still produce the same conditioned response,the learning phenomenon of _____ is occurring.

Why was Little Albert not counterconditioned,or systematically desensitized,for his acquired fear of rats?

Getting paid monthly is what type of reinforcement schedule?

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,animals are able to learn about new things in their environment because these novel events lead to a(n):

Evidence for observational learning in nonhumans is present in all of the following examples EXCEPT:

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

What is the name of the best-selling novel by

Katie is afraid of clowns.She has been trying to overcome this fear by getting into a very relaxed state and then going to the circus.After months of this exposure,she is no longer afraid when she sees a clown.What anti-phobia treatment is this action similar to?

What type of learned response occurs when a formerly neutral object begins to elicit a reflexive (or highly similar)response after it has been paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits that response?

A relatively permanent change in behavior that is not due to maturation but is due to experience is called:

The key to whether presentations of a stimulus will lead to sensitization or habituation is:

When one learns the consequences of an action by watching another person perform the action,this type of learning is called:

What causes extinction?

Food is considered a primary reinforcer,whereas _____ is a secondary reinforcer.

What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

What does the occurrence of spontaneous recovery tell you about the functional properties of extinction?

If your license getting suspended for driving too fast makes you less likely to speed when you get it back,the suspension is an example of:

The process by which an environmental stimulus and a behavior are connected is known as:

According to Watson's view,which is not necessarily considered accurate today,what is the only valid indicator of psychological activity and why?

The Science of Psychology

Research Methodology

Biology and Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness

Attention and Memory

Thinking and Intelligence

Human Development

Emotion and Motivation

Health and Well-Being

Social Psychology

Personality

Psychological Disorders

Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Filters