Exam 7: Causal Reasoning and the Human Brain

Dunn, Brown, and Beardsall (1991) showed that the amount of ___ state talk in early family conversations was related to children's later emotional understanding and understanding of false belief.

Tai et al. (2004) has demonstrated that the mirror neuron system responds specifically to ___ actions.

The context of ___ in the classic false-belief task could have misled children into thinking they were being asked where Maxi would need to look for his chocolate rather than where he thought his chocolate was.

Flavell, Flavell, and Green's experiment (1983) showed that whereas 4- and 5-year-olds rarely confused ___ and reality, 3-year-olds often did so.

Rizzolatti and colleagues have identified a "___ neuron" system that represents action in both monkeys and man.

Meins has proposed that caregivers' ___ --whether they treat young children as individual with minds-is important in children's metarepresentational development.

Russell, Mauthner, Sharpe, and Tidswell's (1991) "windows task" showed that children find it difficult to inhibit pointing to a ___ object.

According to Wellman and colleagues, early psychological understanding (2 years) is and based on ___

Hughes, Dunn, and White (1998) found that hard-to-manage preschoolers found it easier to pass the false-belief task when it involved a ___ surprise.

According to Dennett, successful reasoning about ___ beliefs is the only convincing evidence of a theory of mind.

Meins and Fernyhough (1999) found that mothers of ___ attached infants were more likely to be mind-minded.

A belief ___ is an utterance that reflects the speaker's beliefs about the world.

The "false___ "task examines children's ability to reason about two competing pictorial representations.

Woolfe, Want, and Siegal (2002) found that ___ deaf signers performed at a similar level as their 4-year-old hearing peers in false belief tasks, but that late deaf signers did not.

According to Leslie, pretend play requires ___ abilities. For example, the child has to be able to decouple the primary sensory representation of an object (e.g. banana) from its pretend representation (e.g. telephone).

Young children can confuse the pretend and the real, particularly in situations of ___ pretence.

A core notion in attachment theory is the "internal ___ model" of the self, which is thought to be developed from parenting experiences.

Between 20 to 28 months, children's use labels for their own states, or "___ state language" increases.

Meltzoff has argued that ___ is crucial for helping infants develop an understanding of mental states and representations.

In Sutton, Smith, and Sweetenham's (1999) study, ___ showed theory of mind skills that were superior to those of their followers and victims.