Exam 11: Policing and Multiculturalism

__________ were laws designed to nullify the rights granted to newly freed slaves in the U.S.

__________, or the practice of rewarding friends, created early police departments that often reflected the communities they served.

Affirmative action policies are controversial in that they generate charges of ___________ discrimination, or claims that minorities are being hired at the expense of those in the majority.

The term "underpolicing" refers to the police denying equal protection to racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. by failing to protect them from violent racist actions by Whites.

Alice Collins was the first African American female to head a large municipal police department.

Policing during the __________ era were impacted by many significant factors, including several landmark Supreme Court decisions and the civil rights movement.

The three eras of policing include all of the following, EXCEPT the _________ era.

The __________ explanation of police use deadly force holds that disproportionate shootings of African American residents are more likely to occur where racial or economic differences are greatest, because of the threat resultant from the divisions between the groups.

In the Supreme Court case Terry v. Ohio, the Court mandated that all defendants are entitled to representation.

It is argued that some Black officers suffer from double marginality, meaning that they are viewed as traitors by some in the black community, while their White officer colleagues may distrust them.

The ___________ (also known as the Kerner Commission) was created to study the causes behind the rioting of the 1960s.

Government agencies that receive public funds and all private employers must have affirmative action plans. Affirmative action plans require employers to do all of the following, EXCEPT:

As determined in the Supreme Court case ___________, the exclusionary rule prohibits the introduction in court of illegally seized materials.

Researchers categorized the factors that influence an officer's use of discretion into three categories, including organizational influence, officer characteristics, and ____________ characteristics.

In the early American South, slave patrols were prohibited from entering the dwelling of slaves.

Too often, women and minorities in policing experience the __________, or an abstract barrier preventing certain groups and/or individuals from moving beyond entry-level positions.

The London Metropolitan Police Act, passed in 1829, disbanded all formalized policing in London.

The Christopher Commission was assembled in the wake of the Rodney King incident in response to claims of Los Angeles police officer misbehavior.

A series of ___________ programs designed to promote the hiring of minority applicants assisted with diversifying police departments.

Under what was known as the Frankpledge System, citizens raised the __________ upon being victimized, which generated a response from every able bodied male in the community.