Exam 5: Class, Status, and Party

From Flat Broke with Children by Sharon Hays Hays considers the roots and consequences of welfare reform which was implemented in the mid-1990s. Particularly noteworthy is that she discusses its implications in terms of attempts to institutionalize core American values such as family responsibility, economic frugality, and individual initiative as well as its concrete implications for enhancing economic opportunities. Her view is largely negative: welfare reform has failed along these lines. -According to Hays, the American public is ambivalent about welfare reform. Explain this ambivalence.

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Question 1

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The ambivalence of the American public towards welfare reform, as discussed by Sharon Hays in "Flat Broke with Children," can be attributed to a variety of factors. On one hand, there is a widespread belief in the importance of family responsibility, economic frugality, and individual initiative, which are seen as core American values. Welfare reform, in theory, aimed to promote these values by encouraging self-sufficiency and reducing dependency on government assistance.

However, the implementation of welfare reform has not always lived up to these ideals. Hays argues that the policies put in place have often been punitive and ineffective, leading to increased hardship for many families. This has led to a sense of disillusionment and skepticism among the public, who may feel that the reform has not achieved its intended goals.

Additionally, there is a recognition that economic opportunities are not equally distributed, and that systemic barriers can prevent individuals from achieving self-sufficiency. This has led to concerns about the fairness and effectiveness of welfare reform, as well as the potential for it to exacerbate existing inequalities.

Overall, the ambivalence towards welfare reform can be seen as a reflection of the complex and multifaceted nature of poverty and social assistance. While there is a desire to promote self-sufficiency and responsibility, there is also a recognition of the need for a more comprehensive and equitable approach to addressing poverty and economic insecurity.

"Toward a New Vision: Race, Class, and Gender as Categories of Analysis and Connection" by Patricia Hill Collins Collins advocates a new vision of how race, class, and gender operate to structure inequality in daily life. Rather than focusing on their additive effects, she advances a perspective in which they are seen as interlocking, with each having roots in experiences with institutions, interactions, and the symbolic governing of daily life. -Reconceptualizing race, class, and gender, according to Collins, depends on:

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Question 2

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From Flat Broke with Children by Sharon Hays Hays considers the roots and consequences of welfare reform which was implemented in the mid-1990s. Particularly noteworthy is that she discusses its implications in terms of attempts to institutionalize core American values such as family responsibility, economic frugality, and individual initiative as well as its concrete implications for enhancing economic opportunities. Her view is largely negative: welfare reform has failed along these lines. -According to Hays, perhaps the biggest "winner" from welfare reform has been employers of low-level service workers who have found an increasing supply of labor.

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Question 3

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From Flat Broke with Children by Sharon Hays Hays considers the roots and consequences of welfare reform which was implemented in the mid-1990s. Particularly noteworthy is that she discusses its implications in terms of attempts to institutionalize core American values such as family responsibility, economic frugality, and individual initiative as well as its concrete implications for enhancing economic opportunities. Her view is largely negative: welfare reform has failed along these lines. -Hays documents the long list of negative social and economic consequences of welfare. Discuss them.

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Question 4

"Toward a New Vision: Race, Class, and Gender as Categories of Analysis and Connection" by Patricia Hill Collins Collins advocates a new vision of how race, class, and gender operate to structure inequality in daily life. Rather than focusing on their additive effects, she advances a perspective in which they are seen as interlocking, with each having roots in experiences with institutions, interactions, and the symbolic governing of daily life. -Collins maintains that transcending barriers should include realizing and discussing:

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Question 5

"Intersectionality" by Irene Browne and Joya Misra Browne and Misra present a systematic analysis of "intersectionality," which focuses on gender, race, and class as mutually reinforcing forms of oppression and stratification. Significantly, while there is considerable variation in intersectionality approaches, common to them is the notion that each of the intersecting bases operates on each other, so that they cannot be analyzed separately. Developed primarily out of black feminist research, intersectionality research maintains that individual stratification experiences are simultaneously affected by all competing bases. -Browne and Misra maintain that intersectionality operates across distinct analytic levels from individuals to social systems. Explain this statement.

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Question 6

"Toward a New Vision: Race, Class, and Gender as Categories of Analysis and Connection" by Patricia Hill Collins Collins advocates a new vision of how race, class, and gender operate to structure inequality in daily life. Rather than focusing on their additive effects, she advances a perspective in which they are seen as interlocking, with each having roots in experiences with institutions, interactions, and the symbolic governing of daily life. -Discuss the "individual" dimension of oppression.

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Question 7

From "Sex, Race, and Ethnic Inequality in the United States Workplaces" by Barbara F. Reskin and Irene Padavic Reskin and Padavic discuss trends in: A) occupational distribution, and B) income attainment, by race and sex in the American workplace. They depict an opportunity structure that continues to disadvantage others than white males, although the disadvantage is probably less in recent decades than before. They emphasize the role of occupational segregation as causally important for trends and place it within class "suppy-" and "structural/demand-" side dynamics that generate inequities. -What do the authors mean by "hierarchical segregation"? Provide examples of it.

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Question 8

From Flat Broke with Children by Sharon Hays Hays considers the roots and consequences of welfare reform which was implemented in the mid-1990s. Particularly noteworthy is that she discusses its implications in terms of attempts to institutionalize core American values such as family responsibility, economic frugality, and individual initiative as well as its concrete implications for enhancing economic opportunities. Her view is largely negative: welfare reform has failed along these lines. -According to Hays, what are the "symbolic boundaries" of perceptions toward welfare reform?

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Question 9

From Flat Broke with Children by Sharon Hays Hays considers the roots and consequences of welfare reform which was implemented in the mid-1990s. Particularly noteworthy is that she discusses its implications in terms of attempts to institutionalize core American values such as family responsibility, economic frugality, and individual initiative as well as its concrete implications for enhancing economic opportunities. Her view is largely negative: welfare reform has failed along these lines. -According to Hays, welfare reform has succeeded in:

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Question 10

"Intersectionality" by Irene Browne and Joya Misra Browne and Misra present a systematic analysis of "intersectionality," which focuses on gender, race, and class as mutually reinforcing forms of oppression and stratification. Significantly, while there is considerable variation in intersectionality approaches, common to them is the notion that each of the intersecting bases operates on each other, so that they cannot be analyzed separately. Developed primarily out of black feminist research, intersectionality research maintains that individual stratification experiences are simultaneously affected by all competing bases. -According to Browne and Misra, what kinds of stereotypes indicate the presence of intersectionality dynamics?

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Question 11

"Intersectionality" by Irene Browne and Joya Misra Browne and Misra present a systematic analysis of "intersectionality," which focuses on gender, race, and class as mutually reinforcing forms of oppression and stratification. Significantly, while there is considerable variation in intersectionality approaches, common to them is the notion that each of the intersecting bases operates on each other, so that they cannot be analyzed separately. Developed primarily out of black feminist research, intersectionality research maintains that individual stratification experiences are simultaneously affected by all competing bases. -In intersectionality theory, statuses such as race, class, and gender all assume a similar causal role in structuring oppression.

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Question 12

From "Sex, Race, and Ethnic Inequality in the United States Workplaces" by Barbara F. Reskin and Irene Padavic Reskin and Padavic discuss trends in: A) occupational distribution, and B) income attainment, by race and sex in the American workplace. They depict an opportunity structure that continues to disadvantage others than white males, although the disadvantage is probably less in recent decades than before. They emphasize the role of occupational segregation as causally important for trends and place it within class "suppy-" and "structural/demand-" side dynamics that generate inequities. -According to the authors, which of the following is an underlying measure of inequality in the workplace?

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Question 13

From Flat Broke with Children by Sharon Hays Hays considers the roots and consequences of welfare reform which was implemented in the mid-1990s. Particularly noteworthy is that she discusses its implications in terms of attempts to institutionalize core American values such as family responsibility, economic frugality, and individual initiative as well as its concrete implications for enhancing economic opportunities. Her view is largely negative: welfare reform has failed along these lines. -Highlight some of the negative stereotypes Americans have about those on welfare.

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Question 14

From "Sex, Race, and Ethnic Inequality in the United States Workplaces" by Barbara F. Reskin and Irene Padavic Reskin and Padavic discuss trends in: A) occupational distribution, and B) income attainment, by race and sex in the American workplace. They depict an opportunity structure that continues to disadvantage others than white males, although the disadvantage is probably less in recent decades than before. They emphasize the role of occupational segregation as causally important for trends and place it within class "suppy-" and "structural/demand-" side dynamics that generate inequities. -How are female and minority jobs "devalued" according to the authors?

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Question 15

From "Sex, Race, and Ethnic Inequality in the United States Workplaces" by Barbara F. Reskin and Irene Padavic Reskin and Padavic discuss trends in: A) occupational distribution, and B) income attainment, by race and sex in the American workplace. They depict an opportunity structure that continues to disadvantage others than white males, although the disadvantage is probably less in recent decades than before. They emphasize the role of occupational segregation as causally important for trends and place it within class "suppy-" and "structural/demand-" side dynamics that generate inequities. -Levels of occupational segregation on the basis of race, ethnicity, and sex have actually risen in recent decades.

(True/False)

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Question 16

From "Sex, Race, and Ethnic Inequality in the United States Workplaces" by Barbara F. Reskin and Irene Padavic Reskin and Padavic discuss trends in: A) occupational distribution, and B) income attainment, by race and sex in the American workplace. They depict an opportunity structure that continues to disadvantage others than white males, although the disadvantage is probably less in recent decades than before. They emphasize the role of occupational segregation as causally important for trends and place it within class "suppy-" and "structural/demand-" side dynamics that generate inequities. -Describe the roots and consequences of "ghettoization" and "job-title inflation" experienced by minorities and women in the workplace.

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Question 17

"Toward a New Vision: Race, Class, and Gender as Categories of Analysis and Connection" by Patricia Hill Collins Collins advocates a new vision of how race, class, and gender operate to structure inequality in daily life. Rather than focusing on their additive effects, she advances a perspective in which they are seen as interlocking, with each having roots in experiences with institutions, interactions, and the symbolic governing of daily life. -Discuss Collins' notion that oppression is rooted in a "symbolic" dimension.

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Question 18

"Intersectionality" by Irene Browne and Joya Misra Browne and Misra present a systematic analysis of "intersectionality," which focuses on gender, race, and class as mutually reinforcing forms of oppression and stratification. Significantly, while there is considerable variation in intersectionality approaches, common to them is the notion that each of the intersecting bases operates on each other, so that they cannot be analyzed separately. Developed primarily out of black feminist research, intersectionality research maintains that individual stratification experiences are simultaneously affected by all competing bases. -To date, which institutional context has been the prior focus of analysis in intersectionality research?

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Question 19

"Intersectionality" by Irene Browne and Joya Misra Browne and Misra present a systematic analysis of "intersectionality," which focuses on gender, race, and class as mutually reinforcing forms of oppression and stratification. Significantly, while there is considerable variation in intersectionality approaches, common to them is the notion that each of the intersecting bases operates on each other, so that they cannot be analyzed separately. Developed primarily out of black feminist research, intersectionality research maintains that individual stratification experiences are simultaneously affected by all competing bases. -What do Browne and Misra mean when they say intersectionality has more than an "additive effect" in structuring oppression by particular statuses such as race, class, and gender?

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Question 20

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Class

Status Section A: Race and Ethnicity

Status Section B: Gender and Sexuality

Party

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