Question 1

A smaller power value in IDW results in a smoother surface

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

In the output layer, 1 represents

Accepted Answer

A)  forest 
B)  park 
C)  forest in the park 
D)  park outside the forest 
E)  forest outside the park 
A)  forest 
B)  park 
C)  forest in the park 
D)  park outside the forest 
E)  forest outside the park C

Question 3

In kriging, semivariance is a function of

Accepted Answer

A)  coordinates of the point being estimated 
B)  distance between sample points 
C)  distance between the lowest sample point and the highest sample point 
D)  distance between the point being estimated and each of the sample points 
A)  coordinates of the point being estimated 
B)  distance between sample points 
C)  distance between the lowest sample point and the highest sample point 
D)  distance between the point being estimated and each of the sample points B

Question 4

Addition of two rasters: $\begin{array}{l}
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline 2 & 4 & 3 \
\hline 4 & 1 & 2 \
\hline 5 & 6 & 4 \
\hline
\end{array}+
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline 2 & 4 & 3 \
\hline 2 & 1 & 6 \
\hline 7 & 5 & 8 \
\hline
\end{array}=
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

A)  31 + 38 
B)  $\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}
\hline 4 & 8 & 6 \
\hline 6 & 2 & 8 \
\hline 12 & 11 & 12 \
\hline
\end{array}$ 
C)  $\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline 31+2 & 31+4 & 31+3 \
\hline 31+2 & 31+1 & 31+6 \
\hline 31+7 & 31+5 & 31+8 \
\hline
\end{array}$ 
D)  $\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}
\hline 2+38 & 4+38 & 3+38 \
\hline 4+48 & 1+38 & 2+38 \
\hline 5+38 & 6+38 & 4+38 \
\hline
\end{array}$ 
A)  31 + 38 
B)  $\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}
\hline 4 & 8 & 6 \
\hline 6 & 2 & 8 \
\hline 12 & 11 & 12 \
\hline
\end{array}$ 
C)  $\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline 31+2 & 31+4 & 31+3 \
\hline 31+2 & 31+1 & 31+6 \
\hline 31+7 & 31+5 & 31+8 \
\hline
\end{array}$ 
D)  $\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}
\hline 2+38 & 4+38 & 3+38 \
\hline 4+48 & 1+38 & 2+38 \
\hline 5+38 & 6+38 & 4+38 \
\hline
\end{array}$

Question 5

The above operation is similar to

Accepted Answer

A)  vector overlay with 'intersect' operator 
B)  vector overlay with 'union' operator 
C)  vector overlay with 'Identity' operator 
A)  vector overlay with 'intersect' operator 
B)  vector overlay with 'union' operator 
C)  vector overlay with 'Identity' operator

Question 6

Kriging assumes that the variation in a surface consists of three components, which are

Accepted Answer

A)  location, attribute and time 
B)  distance, direction and height 
C)  spatial correlation, a drift and random errors 
D)  range, sill and nugget 
A)  location, attribute and time 
B)  distance, direction and height 
C)  spatial correlation, a drift and random errors 
D)  range, sill and nugget

Question 7

Spatial interpolation is a method for creating surfaces to approximate spatial distributions of environmental phenomena based on point observations

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Below are cross sections of a terrain surface. The dots represent sampled points, the dotted line represents the cross section of the real terrain surface, and the solid lines represent cross sections of the interpolated surfaces. Which solid line more likely represents the cross section of the surface interpolated using IDW?

Accepted Answer

A)    
B)    
C)    
A)    
B)    
C)

Question 9

Low-order trend surfaces are not good for modelling

Accepted Answer

A)  air pollution over an industrial area 
B)  soil pH values 
C)  terrain surfaces with low variability in elevation 
D)  terrain surfaces with high variability in elevation 
A)  air pollution over an industrial area 
B)  soil pH values 
C)  terrain surfaces with low variability in elevation 
D)  terrain surfaces with high variability in elevation

Question 10

Cost distance can be weighted by

Accepted Answer

A)  cost measured in dollars 
B)  cost measured in time 
C)  topography 
D)  land cover 
E)  any of the above 
A)  cost measured in dollars 
B)  cost measured in time 
C)  topography 
D)  land cover 
E)  any of the above

Question 11

Kriging uses the following equation to calculate interpolated values.
$z_{0}=\sum_{i=1}^{k} z_{i} w_{i}$ The weight wi depends on

Accepted Answer

A)  a fitted curve to the semivariogram constructed with the sampled points 
B)  the distance to the prediction location from the neighbouring sampled points 
C)  the spatial correlation between the sampled points and the prediction location 
D)  all the above 
A)  a fitted curve to the semivariogram constructed with the sampled points 
B)  the distance to the prediction location from the neighbouring sampled points 
C)  the spatial correlation between the sampled points and the prediction location 
D)  all the above

Question 12

In the following model, what is the missing GIS operation?

Accepted Answer

A)  reclassify 
B)  buffer 
C)  polygon-on-polygon overlay 
D)  none of the above 
A)  reclassify 
B)  buffer 
C)  polygon-on-polygon overlay 
D)  none of the above

Question 13

In order to minimise edge effects in spatial interpolation, you should

Accepted Answer

A)  not define the boundary of your study area 
B)  obtain additional sample data points outside your study area 
C)  increase the density of sampled points in your study area 
D)  improve the accuracy of sampled point data in your study area 
A)  not define the boundary of your study area 
B)  obtain additional sample data points outside your study area 
C)  increase the density of sampled points in your study area 
D)  improve the accuracy of sampled point data in your study area

Question 14

$\begin{array}{l}
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline 1 & 1 & 0 \
\hline 0 & 0 & 1 \
\hline 1 & 0 & 1 \
\hline
\end{array}
\text { AND }
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline 1 & 0 & 1 \
\hline 1 & 0 & 1 \
\hline 1 & 0 & 0 \
\hline
\end{array}=
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

A)  $\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline 0 & 1 & 1 \
\hline 1 & 0 & 0 \
\hline 0 & 0 & 1 \
\hline
\end{array}$ 
B)  $\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline 1 & 1 & 1 \
\hline 1 & 0 & 1 \
\hline 1 & 0 & 1 \
\hline
\end{array}$ 
C)  $\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline 2 & 1 & 1 \
\hline 1 & 0 & 2 \
\hline 1 & 0 & 0 \
\hline
\end{array}$ 
D)  $\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline 1 & 0 & 0 \
\hline 0 & 0 & 1 \
\hline 1 & 0 & 0 \
\hline
\end{array}$ 
A)  $\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline 0 & 1 & 1 \
\hline 1 & 0 & 0 \
\hline 0 & 0 & 1 \
\hline
\end{array}$ 
B)  $\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline 1 & 1 & 1 \
\hline 1 & 0 & 1 \
\hline 1 & 0 & 1 \
\hline
\end{array}$ 
C)  $\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline 2 & 1 & 1 \
\hline 1 & 0 & 2 \
\hline 1 & 0 & 0 \
\hline
\end{array}$ 
D)  $\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline 1 & 0 & 0 \
\hline 0 & 0 & 1 \
\hline 1 & 0 & 0 \
\hline
\end{array}$

Question 15

With which of the following weight values (τ), does a regularised spline produce a smoother surface?

Accepted Answer

A)  0.001 
B)  0.01 
C)  0.1 
D)  0.5 
A)  0.001 
B)  0.01 
C)  0.1 
D)  0.5

Question 16

Map algebra is used to build mathematical models with

Accepted Answer

A)  vector data 
B)  raster data 
C)  both vector and raster data 
A)  vector data 
B)  raster data 
C)  both vector and raster data

Question 17

We have two rasters:
  Which mathematical operator can be used to overlay them in order to produce meaningful results?

Accepted Answer

A)  addition 
B)  multiplication 
C)  AND 
D)  IF…THEN… 
A)  addition 
B)  multiplication 
C)  AND 
D)  IF…THEN…

Question 18

A distance surface map (e.g., the proximity to a nuclear waste disposal facility) can be used to produce a buffer map (e.g., a 1km buffer around the disposal facility) by applying

Accepted Answer

A)  reclassify 
B)  overlay 
C)  buffer 
A)  reclassify 
B)  overlay 
C)  buffer

Question 19

Raster overlay is more commonly used than vector overlay for environmental modelling, because

Accepted Answer

A)  raster overlay is more accurate 
B)  raster overlay can use arithmetic operators, while vector overlay cannot 
C)  raster overlay is computationally simpler and easier to implement 
D)  raster overlay involves many data layers, while vector overlay can only combine two data layers 
A)  raster overlay is more accurate 
B)  raster overlay can use arithmetic operators, while vector overlay cannot 
C)  raster overlay is computationally simpler and easier to implement 
D)  raster overlay involves many data layers, while vector overlay can only combine two data layers

Question 20

IDW, second-order trend surface, regularised spline and spline with tension were used to interpolate surfaces based on the same set of sample points. The RMSE errors generated by IDW, second-order trend surface, regularised spline and spline with tension are respectively 0.87, 1.72, 1.01 and 0.99. Which interpolation method produced the best results?

Accepted Answer

A)  IDW 
B)  second-order trend surface 
C)  regularised spline 
D)  spline with tension 
A)  IDW 
B)  second-order trend surface 
C)  regularised spline 
D)  spline with tension

A smaller power value in IDW results in a smoother surface

In the output layer, 1 represents

In kriging, semivariance is a function of

Addition of two rasters: 2 4 3 4 1 2 5 6 4 + 2 4 3 2 1 6 7 5 8 =

The above operation is similar to

Kriging assumes that the variation in a surface consists of three components, which are

Spatial interpolation is a method for creating surfaces to approximate spatial distributions of environmental phenomena based on point observations

Low-order trend surfaces are not good for modelling

Cost distance can be weighted by

Kriging uses the following equation to calculate interpolated values. $z_{0}=\sum_{i=1}^{k} z_{i} w_{i}$ The weight w_i depends on

In the following model, what is the missing GIS operation?

In order to minimise edge effects in spatial interpolation, you should

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 AND 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 =

With which of the following weight values (τ), does a regularised spline produce a smoother surface?

Map algebra is used to build mathematical models with

We have two rasters: Which mathematical operator can be used to overlay them in order to produce meaningful results?

A distance surface map (e.g., the proximity to a nuclear waste disposal facility) can be used to produce a buffer map (e.g., a 1km buffer around the disposal facility) by applying

Raster overlay is more commonly used than vector overlay for environmental modelling, because

GIS Overview

Spatial Data and Data Management

Spatial Data Input and Manipulation

Spatial Data Exploration With Statistics

Remote Sensing Data Analysis

Terrain Analysis

Spatial Visualisation

Spatial Modeling and Decision Analysis

Environmental Applications of GIS

Filters

Exam 4: Spatial Analysis

A smaller power value in IDW results in a smoother surface

In the output layer, 1 represents

In kriging, semivariance is a function of

Addition of two rasters: 2 4 3 4 1 2 5 6 4 + 2 4 3 2 1 6 7 5 8 =

The above operation is similar to

Kriging assumes that the variation in a surface consists of three components, which are

Spatial interpolation is a method for creating surfaces to approximate spatial distributions of environmental phenomena based on point observations

Low-order trend surfaces are not good for modelling

Cost distance can be weighted by

Kriging uses the following equation to calculate interpolated values. z0=∑i=1kziwiz_{0}=\sum_{i=1}^{k} z_{i} w_{i}z0​=∑i=1k​zi​wi​ The weight wi depends on

In the following model, what is the missing GIS operation?

In order to minimise edge effects in spatial interpolation, you should

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 AND 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 =

With which of the following weight values (τ), does a regularised spline produce a smoother surface?

Map algebra is used to build mathematical models with

We have two rasters: Which mathematical operator can be used to overlay them in order to produce meaningful results?

A distance surface map (e.g., the proximity to a nuclear waste disposal facility) can be used to produce a buffer map (e.g., a 1km buffer around the disposal facility) by applying

Raster overlay is more commonly used than vector overlay for environmental modelling, because

GIS Overview

Spatial Data and Data Management

Spatial Data Input and Manipulation

Spatial Data Exploration With Statistics

Remote Sensing Data Analysis

Terrain Analysis

Spatial Visualisation

Spatial Modeling and Decision Analysis

Environmental Applications of GIS

Filters

Kriging uses the following equation to calculate interpolated values. $z_{0}=\sum_{i=1}^{k} z_{i} w_{i}$ The weight w_i depends on