Exam 7: Learning

The __________must follow immediately after the conditioning (neutral) stimulus begins to be presented-no more than a second or two at the very most-or the association between the stimuli will be weakened

The "positive" and "negative" terms applied to reinforcement and punishment refer to

Albert Bandura and his associates carried out the best-known series of studies based on the work of Dollard and Miller on this phenomenon.

Research by Anderson and colleagues (2003) demonstrated that boys and men seem to be more vulnerable to media effects on direct physical aggression, whereas girls seem more vulnerable to effects on

In reinforcement, the term positive refers to the addition or presentation of something following a behaviour, and the term negative refers to the removal of something.

Which of the following criteria must be met to assure that acquisition of a conditioned response takes place?

Pavlov found that if he allowed his animals to rest for several hours following the _________of a behaviour, the conditioned response would spontaneously appear again upon re-presentation of the conditioned stimulus

Bandura's research team noted that the boys were much more likely to behave aggressively than the girls and that the females were more likely to behave aggressively if they had seen a male model.

The conditioning (neutral) stimulus in almost all cases must be presented after rather than before the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., the bell must come after the food)

Thanks to this component of classical conditioning, you automatically learn to avoid all dogs that might attack you if you have been attacked by a dog in the past.

Observing and _________the behaviour of others is an important part of the way human beings interact, perhaps because it facilitates empath

The partial reinforcement effect is an important component of B. F. Skinner's operant conditioning. Discuss this effect by giving two real-world examples of applications of the schedules of reinforcement. Also, contrast the partial reinforcement effect with the evidence for latent learning

Describe the four components of Pavlov's original classical conditioning experiment: the two stimuli and two responses. In your answer, describe how a conditioned response is acquired, how it might generalize to other stimuli, and how it might be discriminant. Also, discuss real examples of spontaneous recovery and renewal

When the consequence of a behaviour increases the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated-for example, when a food pellet rolls down the chute after a rat pushes the correct lever-the behaviour is said to have been

The discussion of a cognitive map would not be appealing to radical behaviourists like Skinner because

Taking advantage of the law of effect, Jessica's mother announced: "You can watch TV, but only after you've cleaned your room!" Suddenly, the low-probability behaviour becomes a high-probability behaviour.

This schedule of reinforcement, sometimes reinforcing hunting strategies in animals, and shopping strategies in humans, generally produces the lowest rate of responding because reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals.

Observing and imitating the behaviour of others is an important part of the way human beings interact, perhaps because imitation facilitates an understanding and caring about how other people feel, called

Knowing how to do something, like ride a bicycle or drive a car, is referred to as

Which of the following best describes how classical conditioning might be used to treat a fear of heights?