Exam 7: Integration and Regulation of Metabolism and the Impact of Exercise

Only the glycerol portion of triacylglycerols can be converted into ____.

What is the significant difference between red blood cells and other cells of the body? How does this affect their metabolism and why is this an advantage and a disadvantage at the same time?

The metabolic effects of glucagon occur in an effort to allow ATP production in the absence of dietary carbohydrate.

The end products of the oxidative system are acetyl-CoA and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Under the influence of insulin,which of the following pathways is increased?

Acetyl-CoA is a junction point for a number of metabolic processes,including metabolism of carbohydrate,lipid,and cholesterol.

Metabolic pathways are regulated to maintain homeostasis in the face of changing environmental conditions,such as nutrient supply.Describe how this is accomplished during the fed-fast cycle,that is,the progression from a fed state,to a postabsorptive/fasting state,to starvation,to prolonged starvation.Your answer should include specific processes/ metabolic pathways that are favored under each condition-make sure to cover pathways that are important to all three macronutrients (CHOs,lipids,protein).Also indicate the signal(s)involved in modulating these pathways.An example is provided in the table.

Training enhances utilization of fat as the primary energy substrate during submaximal exercise due to ____.

The ingestion of nitrate through nitrate-rich foods or supplementation will lead to an increase in generation of ____.

A fasted state is characterized by protein synthesis.

Time frames assigned to each of the phases of the fed-fast cycle are strongly influenced by an individual's ____.

The adipocytes of an individual with hypoglycemia would have difficulty producing ____

In general,describe how opposing pathways are regulated during fasting versus fed conditions.What are the primary signals involved? What would be an example of two opposing pathways? How is one pathway favored over the other (you don't need to name specific proteins/ enzymes here)?

The brain cannot use fatty acids for energy because ____.

Which substances become the main fuel for high-intensity exercise lasting more than one hour?

Skeletal muscle accounts for what percentage of protein turnover?

Following a carbohydrate-rich meal,skeletal and cardiac muscle express which protein on their cell surfaces?

Muscle supplies its own glucose for energy needs by first using glycogen stores,and then converting amino acids to glucose.

Match the metabolic activity to the correct organ. -liver

The metabolic fuel shifts associated with the starvation state are designed to spare body ____.