Exam 7: Integration and Regulation of Metabolism and the Impact of Exercise

Match the regulatory hormones with their primary functions in integrative metabolism. -growth hormone

A deficiency in carnitine acyltransferase I (CAT I)could lead to interference with ____.

Describe the various functions of insulin in the fed state.

The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)is used to produce ATP.It includes several intermediates that enter into anabolic pathways.List three of these intermediates and briefly describe their functions.

Fatty acids with an even number of carbons are degraded exclusively into ____.

Pick two (2)of the examples from question 3 and indicate specifically how the signal you indicated in your answer is altering the pathway listed.For each example,write a one-sentence answer that includes the condition,the signals,the mechanism,the protein/enzyme,the tissue,and the result (all underlined in the example below). Example: Under fed conditions,high blood glucose leads to insulin secretion by the pancreas,which in turn induces expression of the key glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase in all cells,thereby increasing glycolysis.

Gluconeogenesis occurs exclusively in the liver.

The red color of muscle is due to the presence of myoglobin.

[If students redraw the graph in Figure 7.12 here to show the relationship between these systems and their contribution to meeting energy needs as a function of time, that is fine as long as it was appropriately drawn, labeled, and explained.] -Name the three systems that play a role in supplying energy during movement/exercise.Describe briefly how they supply energy,and discuss the temporal relationship between them during prolonged exercise.Any figures should be completely labeled and explained.

In the human,most triacylglycerols are synthesized by the ____.

An individual who has not eaten in five days will most likely have an elevated level of which hormone?

Amino acids from muscle breakdown provide the chief substrate for which metabolic process?

What are the two compounds that connect the metabolism of carbohydrates,lipids,and proteins?

Describe the four phases of the fed-fast cycle and include the time frames associated with each state.

Which GLUT protein is the only one whose function is dependent on insulin?

Most nutrients absorbed by the small intestine first pass through the ____.

During very prolonged starvation nearing death,the body shifts from using protein for energy to using fat stores.

What is the term used to represent maximum oxygen consumption relating to exercise capacity?

What is the preferred source of energy used by muscles to spare protein during prolonged starvation?

Explain how endurance training increases an athlete's ability to perform more aerobically.