Exam 24: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion Excerpts

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The Exalted One's saying that he has come to know that "This is my last birth, and now there is no existence again" can be interpreted as a declaration of achieving enlightenment and breaking free from the cycle of birth and rebirth, known as samsara, in Buddhism. This statement signifies the attainment of Nirvana, the ultimate goal in Buddhism, where one is liberated from the cycle of suffering and rebirth.

The state or condition that the Four Noble Truths propose will lead to a life free of suffering is the state of enlightenment or Nirvana. The Four Noble Truths teach that suffering is a fundamental aspect of human existence, but it is possible to overcome suffering by following the Eightfold Path and achieving enlightenment. This state of enlightenment brings an end to the cycle of birth and rebirth, leading to a life free of suffering. The Four Noble Truths provide a path for individuals to understand the nature of suffering, its causes, and the way to overcome it, ultimately leading to a state of peace and liberation from suffering.

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Some similarities between the Stoic view of death and suffering as expounded by Epictetus and the view of death and suffering suggested by the Four Noble Truths include the recognition of suffering as an inherent part of human existence and the importance of accepting and understanding the nature of suffering. Both philosophies emphasize the need to cultivate a mindset of resilience and equanimity in the face of adversity, and to recognize that suffering is ultimately a result of attachment and desire.

However, there are also important differences between the two perspectives. The Stoic view, as expounded by Epictetus, focuses on the idea of accepting and enduring suffering through the cultivation of inner strength and self-discipline. Stoicism emphasizes the importance of rationality and self-control in facing adversity, and sees the ultimate goal as achieving a state of tranquility and inner peace regardless of external circumstances.

On the other hand, the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism approach suffering from a different angle. They acknowledge the reality of suffering, but also emphasize the causes of suffering and the possibility of liberation from it. The Four Noble Truths point to the idea that suffering is caused by attachment and craving, and that by understanding and addressing these root causes, one can attain liberation from suffering. This perspective also includes the concept of the Eightfold Path as a means to achieve this liberation.

In summary, while both the Stoic view of death and suffering and the view suggested by the Four Noble Truths recognize the inevitability of suffering in human existence, they differ in their approaches to addressing and understanding suffering. Stoicism focuses on acceptance and endurance, while the Four Noble Truths offer a path to understanding the causes of suffering and achieving liberation from it.