Exam 4: Probation and Community Corrections

Judges base their sentencing decisions on probation officers' presentence investigation reports.

The process of removing youthful or minor offenders from the justice system in order to minimize the stigma that might attach to them is called:

In the U.S. Supreme Court case of United States v. Birnbaum (1970) the Court held that probation is a constitutionally protected right.

Conditional freedom granted to an offender by a court defines:

Define, describe, and explain the concept of probation. What are some of the historical factors leading to the creation of modern-day probation?

Probation officers in the United States are considered peace officers and, thus, they must carry firearms.

The vast majority of people supervised by the corrections component of the criminal justice system are on probation.

In 2016 over 80% of probationers in the United States successfully completed their term of probation.

In 1878 the first state to adopt a statewide probation statute was:

All of the following can be considered intermediate sanctions except:

List and discuss at least five (5) conditions imposed on most probationers.

The use of the risk-need-responsibility approach by probation agencies is designed to reduce recidivism by probationers.

Diversion is largely based on the criminological theory known as:

When a probationer has absconded, it means that he/she has failed a drug test.

What do we mean by intermediate sanctions? Give examples of these types of punishments.

What do we call the process that brings more people under some form of social control as the result of creating new programs or organizations?

In terms of probation violations, any offense not associated with a criminal act can be considered a _________ violation.

What is the purpose of diversion in the criminal justice system? Upon what assumptions is this practice based? For whom is diversion most appropriate?

Probation evolved during what is generally known as the __________ (1890 to 1920).

Bureau of Justice Statistics numbers show that the proportion of women on probation has increased.