Question 1

A single mutation causes sickle-cell disease. Which of the following statements best describes how this occurs?

Accepted Answer

A)  A single nucleotide mutation causes a normal glutamic acid amino acid to be replaced with a valine amino acid. This causes the resulting hemoglobin protein to form incorrectly, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended. 
B)  Three nucleotide mutations cause normal glutamic acid amino acids to be replaced with valine amino acids. This causes excess hemoglobin proteins to be synthesized, causing red blood cells to swell to the point of bursting, resulting in burst cells that have a sickle-shape. 
C)  Several nucleotides are removed, which causes the start codon to shift. This results in an incorrect number of amino acids to be incorporated into the hemoglobin protein, leading to the sickle-shaped red blood cells. 
D)  The addition of several nucleotides causes the start codon to shift down several places. This causes RNA polymerase to bind in the incorrect spot so that several extra amino acids are included in the polypeptide chain during translation. This results in a hemoglobin protein that is incorrectly formed, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended. 
A)  A single nucleotide mutation causes a normal glutamic acid amino acid to be replaced with a valine amino acid. This causes the resulting hemoglobin protein to form incorrectly, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended. 
B)  Three nucleotide mutations cause normal glutamic acid amino acids to be replaced with valine amino acids. This causes excess hemoglobin proteins to be synthesized, causing red blood cells to swell to the point of bursting, resulting in burst cells that have a sickle-shape. 
C)  Several nucleotides are removed, which causes the start codon to shift. This results in an incorrect number of amino acids to be incorporated into the hemoglobin protein, leading to the sickle-shaped red blood cells. 
D)  The addition of several nucleotides causes the start codon to shift down several places. This causes RNA polymerase to bind in the incorrect spot so that several extra amino acids are included in the polypeptide chain during translation. This results in a hemoglobin protein that is incorrectly formed, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended.

Question 2

PCR mimics DNA replication. Which of the following steps of PCR corresponds with the denaturing process in DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

A)  Helicase breaking the hydrogen bonds 
B)  A primer preparing a starting point for DNA polymerase 
C)  DNA polymerase sythesizing a daughter strand of DNA 
A)  Helicase breaking the hydrogen bonds 
B)  A primer preparing a starting point for DNA polymerase 
C)  DNA polymerase sythesizing a daughter strand of DNA

Question 3

In genetic testing, DNA sequencing

Accepted Answer

A)  is used to identify the incorrect nucleotide or nucleotides that caused the mutation and the disease to occur. 
B)  is used to cut the DNA in a specific location to identify the allele that caused the mutation and the disease to occur. 
C)  uses fluorescent hybridization to identify the chromosome location of a mutation. 
D)  All of the answer choices are correct. 
A)  is used to identify the incorrect nucleotide or nucleotides that caused the mutation and the disease to occur. 
B)  is used to cut the DNA in a specific location to identify the allele that caused the mutation and the disease to occur. 
C)  uses fluorescent hybridization to identify the chromosome location of a mutation. 
D)  All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 4

Which of the following is the overall goal of PCR?

Accepted Answer

A)  To make many copies of an RNA segment 
B)  To create several copies of a segment of DNA in a tube 
C)  To create several copies of the entire piece of DNA in a tube 
D)  To create many copies of the entire piece of RNA in a tube 
A)  To make many copies of an RNA segment 
B)  To create several copies of a segment of DNA in a tube 
C)  To create several copies of the entire piece of DNA in a tube 
D)  To create many copies of the entire piece of RNA in a tube

Question 5

Oswald Avery expanded on Griffith's experiment to prove the "factor" carried by the bacteria was DNA instead of protein. What change did Avery implement when he modified Griffith's experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Avery radioactively labeled the DNA in the bacteria. This allowed Avery to track the genetic material and prove the DNA was directly responsible for killing the mouse. 
B)  Avery used an enzyme that broke down the DNA molecule which resulted in a live mouse in the last step of the experiment. Because the DNA was inactivated, the bacteria was not transformed to make the capsule around it. 
C)  Avery radioactively labeled the amino acids and was able to track the production of the protein by the bacteria. This concluded the protein came from the DNA. 
D)  Avery used an enzyme that broke down the capsule proteins. Even though the proteins were inactivated, the mouse still died. This proved the "factor" was not a protein. 
A)  Avery radioactively labeled the DNA in the bacteria. This allowed Avery to track the genetic material and prove the DNA was directly responsible for killing the mouse. 
B)  Avery used an enzyme that broke down the DNA molecule which resulted in a live mouse in the last step of the experiment. Because the DNA was inactivated, the bacteria was not transformed to make the capsule around it. 
C)  Avery radioactively labeled the amino acids and was able to track the production of the protein by the bacteria. This concluded the protein came from the DNA. 
D)  Avery used an enzyme that broke down the capsule proteins. Even though the proteins were inactivated, the mouse still died. This proved the "factor" was not a protein.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes how the environment may play a role in the expression of our genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  All genes are directly influenced by the environment, even if only in minor ways, so the environment will always alter phenotype for all genes. 
B)  Some phenotypes, including skin color, can be influenced by the environment. The genotype still determines some aspect of skin color, but the interaction with the environment, in the form of sun exposure, can cause variations in the resulting phenotype. 
C)  The environment is not able to alter genes or their physical expressions. Genotypes and phenotypes are both completely independent of environmental changes, unless in the form of mutations. 
D)  The environment can alter an individual's appearance, but because these changes are temporary and unable to be inherited, they have no impact on the genotype or the expression of that genotype. 
A)  All genes are directly influenced by the environment, even if only in minor ways, so the environment will always alter phenotype for all genes. 
B)  Some phenotypes, including skin color, can be influenced by the environment. The genotype still determines some aspect of skin color, but the interaction with the environment, in the form of sun exposure, can cause variations in the resulting phenotype. 
C)  The environment is not able to alter genes or their physical expressions. Genotypes and phenotypes are both completely independent of environmental changes, unless in the form of mutations. 
D)  The environment can alter an individual's appearance, but because these changes are temporary and unable to be inherited, they have no impact on the genotype or the expression of that genotype.

Question 7

If a person shows an intermediate phenotype, such as that observed in a person who is heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia, this indicates the pattern of inheritance to be __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  incomplete dominance 
B)  codominance 
C)  complete dominance 
D)  corecessive 
A)  incomplete dominance 
B)  codominance 
C)  complete dominance 
D)  corecessive

Question 8

Genes can be inserted into plasmid DNA and cloned into bacteria. This will produce bacteria that have recombinant DNA and will

Accepted Answer

A)  produce the product of the inserted gene. 
B)  make multiple copies of the inserted DNA. 
C)  produce offspring that also carry the recombinant DNA. 
D)  All of the answer choices are correct. 
A)  produce the product of the inserted gene. 
B)  make multiple copies of the inserted DNA. 
C)  produce offspring that also carry the recombinant DNA. 
D)  All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 9

Which three scientists were involved in discovering DNA as genetic material?

Accepted Answer

A)  Griffith, Hershey, and Chase 
B)  Franklin, Griffith, and Chargaff 
C)  Watson, Crick, and Franklin 
D)  Griffith, Watson, and Crick 
A)  Griffith, Hershey, and Chase 
B)  Franklin, Griffith, and Chargaff 
C)  Watson, Crick, and Franklin 
D)  Griffith, Watson, and Crick

Question 10

The formation of sperm is through a process called spermatogenesis. The formation of eggs is through a process called ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The formation of sperm is through a...

Question 11

What is/are the main goal(s) for obtaining and testing DNA?

Accepted Answer

A)  To test for the presence of alleles associated with genetic diseases before birth 
B)  To determine if the exact alleles for a disease are present in an individual 
C)  To study the number of alleles that are present in an unborn child 
D)  All of the answer choices are correct. 
A)  To test for the presence of alleles associated with genetic diseases before birth 
B)  To determine if the exact alleles for a disease are present in an individual 
C)  To study the number of alleles that are present in an unborn child 
D)  All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 12

Red blood cells are responsible for __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  gas exchange throughout the body. 
B)  transporting organic waste out of the body 
C)  helping with blood clotting due to injury 
D)  transporting water throughout the body 
A)  gas exchange throughout the body. 
B)  transporting organic waste out of the body 
C)  helping with blood clotting due to injury 
D)  transporting water throughout the body

Question 13

In humans, male gametes are called ______, while female gametes are called ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  sperm; eggs 
B)  eggs; sperm 
C)  pollen; eggs 
D)  eggs; pollen 
A)  sperm; eggs 
B)  eggs; sperm 
C)  pollen; eggs 
D)  eggs; pollen

Question 14

DNA microarrays use enzymes to convert mRNA obtained from the cell into cDNA. This cDNA is hybridized with known DNA from specific genes isolated from the organism. If hybridization occurs, this indicates the cDNA has

Accepted Answer

A)  bound to the corresponding gene and it is being expressed in the cell. 
B)  transformed into another type of DNA and the corresponding genes are present in the cell. 
C)  bound to the complementary DNA on the microarray, indicating that the corresponding gene is not being expressed in the cell. 
D)  not transformed into another type of DNA and the corresponding genes are not present in the cell. 
A)  bound to the corresponding gene and it is being expressed in the cell. 
B)  transformed into another type of DNA and the corresponding genes are present in the cell. 
C)  bound to the complementary DNA on the microarray, indicating that the corresponding gene is not being expressed in the cell. 
D)  not transformed into another type of DNA and the corresponding genes are not present in the cell.

Question 15

Several different researchers contributed to the study of the structure of DNA. What did Frederick Griffith contribute?

Accepted Answer

A)  X-ray crystallography was used to show DNA is a repeating helical structure 
B)  The percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of guanine is equal to the percent of cytosine 
C)  There is a transforming factor that exists and can change bacteria's characteristics 
D)  Transformation of bacteria did not occur with the addition of DNase enzyme, suggesting DNA is the genetic material 
A)  X-ray crystallography was used to show DNA is a repeating helical structure 
B)  The percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of guanine is equal to the percent of cytosine 
C)  There is a transforming factor that exists and can change bacteria's characteristics 
D)  Transformation of bacteria did not occur with the addition of DNase enzyme, suggesting DNA is the genetic material

Question 16

This list contains the characteristics of the law of independent assortment and the law of segregation. Select all that contributed to Mendel's law of segregation. (Check all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  During meiosis, only one factor is passed on in a gamete 
B)  An individual receives one factor from each parent 
C)  Fertilization results in a new individual with two factors 
D)  Factors are randomly passed on in the gametes 
E)  Any possible combination can occur in a gamete 
A)  During meiosis, only one factor is passed on in a gamete 
B)  An individual receives one factor from each parent 
C)  Fertilization results in a new individual with two factors 
D)  Factors are randomly passed on in the gametes 
E)  Any possible combination can occur in a gamete

Question 17

What was Watson and Crick's contribution to the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA is double helix. 
B)  DNA has complementary nucleotides. 
C)  DNA is composed of four different nucleotides. 
D)  DNA can be modeled with the sugar and phosphate components of the nucleotides. 
A)  DNA is double helix. 
B)  DNA has complementary nucleotides. 
C)  DNA is composed of four different nucleotides. 
D)  DNA can be modeled with the sugar and phosphate components of the nucleotides.

Question 18

The sickle-shaped red blood cells can block the capillaries of organs in multiple body systems. The _____ may become enlarged and that can result in abdominal pain and decreased recycling of red blood cells. The ______ can become blocked; this can decrease urine output and cause kidney failure.

Accepted Answer

A)  heart; bladder 
B)  spleen; kidneys 
C)  spleen; bladder 
D)  heart; kidneys 
A)  heart; bladder 
B)  spleen; kidneys 
C)  spleen; bladder 
D)  heart; kidneys

Question 19

Which event (or events) occur in the telophase I phase of meiosis I?

Accepted Answer

A)  Condensing of the chromosomes, homologous chromosomes form tetrads, crossing over occurs 
B)  Tetrads align along the metaphase plate 
C)  Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles 
D)  Nuclear membrane begins to form, and a cleavage furrow begins to develop 
A)  Condensing of the chromosomes, homologous chromosomes form tetrads, crossing over occurs 
B)  Tetrads align along the metaphase plate 
C)  Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles 
D)  Nuclear membrane begins to form, and a cleavage furrow begins to develop

Question 20

The overall goal of gene expression is to make

Accepted Answer

A)  a structural protein that can be used by the cell. 
B)  mRNA that can be passed on to the next generation. 
C)  a copy of the gene that can be used by the cell. 
D)  a copy of the gene that can be passed on to the next generation. 
A)  a structural protein that can be used by the cell. 
B)  mRNA that can be passed on to the next generation. 
C)  a copy of the gene that can be used by the cell. 
D)  a copy of the gene that can be passed on to the next generation.

A single mutation causes sickle-cell disease. Which of the following statements best describes how this occurs?

PCR mimics DNA replication. Which of the following steps of PCR corresponds with the denaturing process in DNA replication?

In genetic testing, DNA sequencing

Which of the following is the overall goal of PCR?

Oswald Avery expanded on Griffith's experiment to prove the "factor" carried by the bacteria was DNA instead of protein. What change did Avery implement when he modified Griffith's experiment?

Which of the following best describes how the environment may play a role in the expression of our genes?

If a person shows an intermediate phenotype, such as that observed in a person who is heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia, this indicates the pattern of inheritance to be __________.

Genes can be inserted into plasmid DNA and cloned into bacteria. This will produce bacteria that have recombinant DNA and will

Which three scientists were involved in discovering DNA as genetic material?

The formation of sperm is through a process called spermatogenesis. The formation of eggs is through a process called ______.

What is/are the main goal(s) for obtaining and testing DNA?

Red blood cells are responsible for __________.

In humans, male gametes are called , while female gametes are called .

DNA microarrays use enzymes to convert mRNA obtained from the cell into cDNA. This cDNA is hybridized with known DNA from specific genes isolated from the organism. If hybridization occurs, this indicates the cDNA has

Several different researchers contributed to the study of the structure of DNA. What did Frederick Griffith contribute?

This list contains the characteristics of the law of independent assortment and the law of segregation. Select all that contributed to Mendel's law of segregation. (Check all that apply.)

What was Watson and Crick's contribution to the structure of DNA?

The sickle-shaped red blood cells can block the capillaries of organs in multiple body systems. The _ may become enlarged and that can result in abdominal pain and decreased recycling of red blood cells. The __ can become blocked; this can decrease urine output and cause kidney failure.

Which event (or events) occur in the telophase I phase of meiosis I?

The overall goal of gene expression is to make

Understanding Cancer: Causes, Effects, and Treatments

Climate Change, Global Warming, and Greenhouse Gases

The Function and Importance of Fitness Trackers

Genetic Modification, Global Warming, and Plant Kingdom: Exploring Impacts and Benefits

Nutrient Types and Energy Processes

Understanding Natural Selection, Vaccines, and Viral Reproduction

Annelids, Nematoda, Echinoderms, Primates, Biodiversity, and Speciation

Filters

Exam 8: Characteristics, Functions, and Analysis of Genetic Diseases and DNA

A single mutation causes sickle-cell disease. Which of the following statements best describes how this occurs?

PCR mimics DNA replication. Which of the following steps of PCR corresponds with the denaturing process in DNA replication?

In genetic testing, DNA sequencing

Which of the following is the overall goal of PCR?

Oswald Avery expanded on Griffith's experiment to prove the "factor" carried by the bacteria was DNA instead of protein. What change did Avery implement when he modified Griffith's experiment?

Which of the following best describes how the environment may play a role in the expression of our genes?

If a person shows an intermediate phenotype, such as that observed in a person who is heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia, this indicates the pattern of inheritance to be __________.

Genes can be inserted into plasmid DNA and cloned into bacteria. This will produce bacteria that have recombinant DNA and will

Which three scientists were involved in discovering DNA as genetic material?

The formation of sperm is through a process called spermatogenesis. The formation of eggs is through a process called ______.

What is/are the main goal(s) for obtaining and testing DNA?

Red blood cells are responsible for __________.

In humans, male gametes are called ______, while female gametes are called ______.

DNA microarrays use enzymes to convert mRNA obtained from the cell into cDNA. This cDNA is hybridized with known DNA from specific genes isolated from the organism. If hybridization occurs, this indicates the cDNA has

Several different researchers contributed to the study of the structure of DNA. What did Frederick Griffith contribute?

This list contains the characteristics of the law of independent assortment and the law of segregation. Select all that contributed to Mendel's law of segregation. (Check all that apply.)

What was Watson and Crick's contribution to the structure of DNA?

The sickle-shaped red blood cells can block the capillaries of organs in multiple body systems. The _____ may become enlarged and that can result in abdominal pain and decreased recycling of red blood cells. The ______ can become blocked; this can decrease urine output and cause kidney failure.

Which event (or events) occur in the telophase I phase of meiosis I?

The overall goal of gene expression is to make

Understanding Cancer: Causes, Effects, and Treatments

Climate Change, Global Warming, and Greenhouse Gases

The Function and Importance of Fitness Trackers

Genetic Modification, Global Warming, and Plant Kingdom: Exploring Impacts and Benefits

Nutrient Types and Energy Processes

Understanding Natural Selection, Vaccines, and Viral Reproduction

Annelids, Nematoda, Echinoderms, Primates, Biodiversity, and Speciation

Filters

In humans, male gametes are called , while female gametes are called .

The sickle-shaped red blood cells can block the capillaries of organs in multiple body systems. The _ may become enlarged and that can result in abdominal pain and decreased recycling of red blood cells. The __ can become blocked; this can decrease urine output and cause kidney failure.