Question 1

Ecological models place greater importance on policy and environmental interventions than on individual and interpersonal interventions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

Ecological model interventions are considered necessary for solving some of the most important public health problems of the 21st century, however they are not appropriate for all health issues. Which of the following health problems would NOT be easily conducive to an ecological intervention?

Accepted Answer

A)  HIV/AIDS 
B)  Violence prevention 
C)  Schizophrenia 
D)  Diabetes 
E)  Alcohol use 
A)  HIV/AIDS 
B)  Violence prevention 
C)  Schizophrenia 
D)  Diabetes 
E)  Alcohol use C

Question 3

It is not recommended that individual theories, such as the Health Belief Model, be used in conjunction with ecological models.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

Comparing ecological models implemented across different geographical regions (e.g. international contexts) provides a solution to which difficulty associated with ecological interventions?

Accepted Answer

A)  A lack of variation in beliefs or behaviors among intervention participants 
B)  Obtaining human subjects (or IR
B)  approval for ecological studies in the United States 
C)  Implementing policy-level interventions 
D)  Large sample size 
E)  Selection bias of study participants 
A)  A lack of variation in beliefs or behaviors among intervention participants 
B)  Obtaining human subjects (or IR
B)  approval for ecological studies in the United States 
C)  Implementing policy-level interventions 
D)  Large sample size 
E)  Selection bias of study participants

Question 5

Which is a barrier of implementing ecological model interventions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Multiple levels of intervention broaden options for intervention and slow down the process of selecting appropriate interventions 
B)  They are typically more expensive and time consuming compared to single-level interventions 
C)  There is little evidence that they are effective in changing health behaviors or improving health outcomes 
D)  The World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention oppose funding ecological interventions 
A)  Multiple levels of intervention broaden options for intervention and slow down the process of selecting appropriate interventions 
B)  They are typically more expensive and time consuming compared to single-level interventions 
C)  There is little evidence that they are effective in changing health behaviors or improving health outcomes 
D)  The World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention oppose funding ecological interventions

Question 6

Urban planning, including access to and type of transportation, parks and trails, and building design, is an important foundation for ecological interventions to increase physical activity. Which of the core principles of ecological models is best reflected in urban planning as a component of decreasing sedentary behaviors (choose one)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Environmental contexts are significant determinants of health behaviors 
B)  There are multiple levels of influence on specific health behaviors 
C)  Ecological models should be behavior-specific 
D)  Multi-levels interventions are most effective in changing health behaviors 
E)  Interdisciplinary approaches are necessary for health behavior change 
A)  Environmental contexts are significant determinants of health behaviors 
B)  There are multiple levels of influence on specific health behaviors 
C)  Ecological models should be behavior-specific 
D)  Multi-levels interventions are most effective in changing health behaviors 
E)  Interdisciplinary approaches are necessary for health behavior change

Question 7

Once an ecological intervention is found to positively influence health behaviors, it is straightforward to identify the most important elements of the intervention.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Which of the following statements is FALSE about ecological models?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are meta-models, organizing other models/theories into a coherent whole 
B)  Each level is considered a variable and there is a clear relationship between each level 
C)  They can be applied to research design and/or intervention development. 
D)  Different models must be developed for interventions targeting different health behaviors 
E)  Interventions are more likely to succeed when multiple levels of the ecological model are addressed 
A)  They are meta-models, organizing other models/theories into a coherent whole 
B)  Each level is considered a variable and there is a clear relationship between each level 
C)  They can be applied to research design and/or intervention development. 
D)  Different models must be developed for interventions targeting different health behaviors 
E)  Interventions are more likely to succeed when multiple levels of the ecological model are addressed

Question 9

One of the challenges researchers face in using ecological frameworks to is that certain characteristics are difficult to manipulate experimentally. All of the following are examples of characteristics that are difficult to manipulate EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Increasing the cost of cigarettes to reduce number of cigarettes smoked 
B)  Improving housing standards for new homes to reduce asthma attacks 
C)  Increasing parental knowledge and changing attitudes toward asthma to reduce household asthma attacks 
D)  Prohibiting smoking in public facilities to reduce second hand smoke exposure 
E)  Increasing access to safe green spaces to promote physical activity 
A)  Increasing the cost of cigarettes to reduce number of cigarettes smoked 
B)  Improving housing standards for new homes to reduce asthma attacks 
C)  Increasing parental knowledge and changing attitudes toward asthma to reduce household asthma attacks 
D)  Prohibiting smoking in public facilities to reduce second hand smoke exposure 
E)  Increasing access to safe green spaces to promote physical activity

Question 10

Ecological models have proven useful in interventions related to obesity, childhood asthma, and physical activity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Which is NOT one of the five core principles of ecological models of health behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  Influences on health behaviors interact across levels 
B)  Models should be behavior-specific 
C)  Multiple levels of influence act on health behaviors 
D)  Controlled trials are most effective to evaluate multi-level interventions 
E)  Environmental contexts are important determinants of health 
A)  Influences on health behaviors interact across levels 
B)  Models should be behavior-specific 
C)  Multiple levels of influence act on health behaviors 
D)  Controlled trials are most effective to evaluate multi-level interventions 
E)  Environmental contexts are important determinants of health

Question 12

Which of the following statements is TRUE about ecological model interventions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most evidence of effectiveness has come from cross-sectional studies 
B)  It is difficult to integrate individual level theories into ecological model interventions 
C)  Although widely used, there is little evidence of their effectiveness in improving health outcomes 
D)  Individual level changes are likely more effective in promoting sustained behavior change than environmental and policy levels changes 
E)  Ecological models are widely used and most national funding agencies prefer funding multi-year studies 
A)  Most evidence of effectiveness has come from cross-sectional studies 
B)  It is difficult to integrate individual level theories into ecological model interventions 
C)  Although widely used, there is little evidence of their effectiveness in improving health outcomes 
D)  Individual level changes are likely more effective in promoting sustained behavior change than environmental and policy levels changes 
E)  Ecological models are widely used and most national funding agencies prefer funding multi-year studies

Question 13

One limitation of ecological models is that many grant agencies have budgetary and timeline requirements incompatible with ecological research.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which of the following is a strength of multi-level interventions?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are easily evaluated using experimental study designs 
B)  They are recognized as effective and therefore they are easier to fund than interventions that do not address multiple levels 
C)  They provide a broad range of options for intervention 
D)  They are most effective when they target health behaviors in specific and high-risk populations 
E)  Their specificity facilitates understanding of how constructs interact across the multiple levels 
A)  They are easily evaluated using experimental study designs 
B)  They are recognized as effective and therefore they are easier to fund than interventions that do not address multiple levels 
C)  They provide a broad range of options for intervention 
D)  They are most effective when they target health behaviors in specific and high-risk populations 
E)  Their specificity facilitates understanding of how constructs interact across the multiple levels

Question 15

Ecological models are more useful for research design than for intervention design.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Write two-three paragraphs outlining strengths and limitations of an ecological approach to health promotion. Use specific examples.

Accepted Answer

The ecological approach to health promot

Question 17

Choose a specific health problem/outcome and population of your choice. Using an ecological model framework, describe an intervention to reduce this problem. Be sure to mention an intervention at each level of the framework.(Ex: Reducing fatal traffic accidents among adolescent boys in the United States). Note: Do not select one of the health conditions discussed in detail in Chapter 3 (physical activity, tobacco use, obesity).

Accepted Answer

Specific health problem/outcome: Mental

Question 18

Programs targeting one or two levels of the ecological framework are more effective in changing behavior than interventions that focus on three or four levels because resources are more focused.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Ecological model interventions have proven effective in reducing the prevalence of smoking in industrialized countries. Which of the following is NOT an example of a smoking reduction intervention and corresponding level of the ecological model?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mass media campaigns: community/policy level 
B)  Clinical smoking cessation: individual level 
C)  Cigarette taxes: policy level 
D)  Tobacco warning labels: policy level 
E)  Smoke-free restaurants and workplaces: intrapersonal level 
A)  Mass media campaigns: community/policy level 
B)  Clinical smoking cessation: individual level 
C)  Cigarette taxes: policy level 
D)  Tobacco warning labels: policy level 
E)  Smoke-free restaurants and workplaces: intrapersonal level

Question 20

One strength of ecological models is that they provide a framework to test the variables most influential in changing behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Ecological models place greater importance on policy and environmental interventions than on individual and interpersonal interventions.

Ecological model interventions are considered necessary for solving some of the most important public health problems of the 21^st century, however they are not appropriate for all health issues. Which of the following health problems would NOT be easily conducive to an ecological intervention?

It is not recommended that individual theories, such as the Health Belief Model, be used in conjunction with ecological models.

Comparing ecological models implemented across different geographical regions (e.g. international contexts) provides a solution to which difficulty associated with ecological interventions?

Which is a barrier of implementing ecological model interventions?

Once an ecological intervention is found to positively influence health behaviors, it is straightforward to identify the most important elements of the intervention.

Which of the following statements is FALSE about ecological models?

One of the challenges researchers face in using ecological frameworks to is that certain characteristics are difficult to manipulate experimentally. All of the following are examples of characteristics that are difficult to manipulate EXCEPT:

Ecological models have proven useful in interventions related to obesity, childhood asthma, and physical activity.

Which is NOT one of the five core principles of ecological models of health behavior?

Which of the following statements is TRUE about ecological model interventions?

One limitation of ecological models is that many grant agencies have budgetary and timeline requirements incompatible with ecological research.

Which of the following is a strength of multi-level interventions?

Ecological models are more useful for research design than for intervention design.

Write two-three paragraphs outlining strengths and limitations of an ecological approach to health promotion. Use specific examples.

Programs targeting one or two levels of the ecological framework are more effective in changing behavior than interventions that focus on three or four levels because resources are more focused.

Ecological model interventions have proven effective in reducing the prevalence of smoking in industrialized countries. Which of the following is NOT an example of a smoking reduction intervention and corresponding level of the ecological model?

One strength of ecological models is that they provide a framework to test the variables most influential in changing behaviors.

The Scope of Health Behavior

Theory, Research, and Practice in Health Behavior

Health Belief Model Hbm

Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Integrated Behavior Model

The Transtheoretical Model Ttm and Stages of Change

How Individuals, Environments, and Health Behaviors Interact: Social Cognitive Theory

Social Support and Health

Social Networks and Health Behavior

Stress, Coping, Adaptation, and Health Behavior

Interpersonal Communication in Health and Illness

Improving Health Through Community Engagement, Community Organization, and Community Building

Implementation, Dissemination, and Diffusion of Public Health Interventions

Planning Models for Theory-Based Health Promotion Interventions

Behavioral Economics and Health

Social Marketing

Filters

Exam 3: Ecological Models of Health Behavior

Ecological models place greater importance on policy and environmental interventions than on individual and interpersonal interventions.

Ecological model interventions are considered necessary for solving some of the most important public health problems of the 21st century, however they are not appropriate for all health issues. Which of the following health problems would NOT be easily conducive to an ecological intervention?

It is not recommended that individual theories, such as the Health Belief Model, be used in conjunction with ecological models.

Comparing ecological models implemented across different geographical regions (e.g. international contexts) provides a solution to which difficulty associated with ecological interventions?

Which is a barrier of implementing ecological model interventions?

Once an ecological intervention is found to positively influence health behaviors, it is straightforward to identify the most important elements of the intervention.

Which of the following statements is FALSE about ecological models?

One of the challenges researchers face in using ecological frameworks to is that certain characteristics are difficult to manipulate experimentally. All of the following are examples of characteristics that are difficult to manipulate EXCEPT:

Ecological models have proven useful in interventions related to obesity, childhood asthma, and physical activity.

Which is NOT one of the five core principles of ecological models of health behavior?

Which of the following statements is TRUE about ecological model interventions?

One limitation of ecological models is that many grant agencies have budgetary and timeline requirements incompatible with ecological research.

Which of the following is a strength of multi-level interventions?

Ecological models are more useful for research design than for intervention design.

Write two-three paragraphs outlining strengths and limitations of an ecological approach to health promotion. Use specific examples.

Programs targeting one or two levels of the ecological framework are more effective in changing behavior than interventions that focus on three or four levels because resources are more focused.

Ecological model interventions have proven effective in reducing the prevalence of smoking in industrialized countries. Which of the following is NOT an example of a smoking reduction intervention and corresponding level of the ecological model?

One strength of ecological models is that they provide a framework to test the variables most influential in changing behaviors.

The Scope of Health Behavior

Theory, Research, and Practice in Health Behavior

Health Belief Model Hbm

Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Integrated Behavior Model

The Transtheoretical Model Ttm and Stages of Change

How Individuals, Environments, and Health Behaviors Interact: Social Cognitive Theory

Social Support and Health

Social Networks and Health Behavior

Stress, Coping, Adaptation, and Health Behavior

Interpersonal Communication in Health and Illness

Improving Health Through Community Engagement, Community Organization, and Community Building

Implementation, Dissemination, and Diffusion of Public Health Interventions

Planning Models for Theory-Based Health Promotion Interventions

Behavioral Economics and Health

Social Marketing

Filters

Ecological model interventions are considered necessary for solving some of the most important public health problems of the 21^st century, however they are not appropriate for all health issues. Which of the following health problems would NOT be easily conducive to an ecological intervention?