Question 1

Ribosomes are

Accepted Answer

A)  composed of two subunits. 
B)  joined with mRNA to make proteins. 
C)  often associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum. 
D)  assembled in the nucleolus. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  composed of two subunits. 
B)  joined with mRNA to make proteins. 
C)  often associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum. 
D)  assembled in the nucleolus. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 2

Which of the following structures would you expect to find only in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chloroplasts. 
B)  Mitochondria. 
C)  Nuclei. 
D)  Lysosomes. 
E)  Ribosomes. 
A)  Chloroplasts. 
B)  Mitochondria. 
C)  Nuclei. 
D)  Lysosomes. 
E)  Ribosomes.

Question 3

Plastids

Accepted Answer

A)  are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 
B)  are thought to have developed from bacteria. 
C)  are surrounded by a single membrane. 
D)  do not contain any DNA. 
E)  have an impermeable double membrane. 
A)  are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 
B)  are thought to have developed from bacteria. 
C)  are surrounded by a single membrane. 
D)  do not contain any DNA. 
E)  have an impermeable double membrane.

Question 4

The surface area of a plasma membrane increases

Accepted Answer

A)  during exocytosis but not during endocytosis. 
B)  only if a severe osmotic imbalance occurs causing excess water to rush into the cell. 
C)  during both endocytosis and exocytosis as incoming and outgoing vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane. 
D)  during endocytosis but not during exocytosis. 
E)  when forming clathrin-coated pits. 
A)  during exocytosis but not during endocytosis. 
B)  only if a severe osmotic imbalance occurs causing excess water to rush into the cell. 
C)  during both endocytosis and exocytosis as incoming and outgoing vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane. 
D)  during endocytosis but not during exocytosis. 
E)  when forming clathrin-coated pits.

Question 5

Peripheral membrane proteins

Accepted Answer

A)  interact with the hydrophobic regions of the membrane through covalent bonding. 
B)  are usually denatured when removed from membranes. 
C)  are generally non-covalently bound to membrane lipids. 
D)  may have functional parts on both sides of the membrane. 
E)  can only be released from membranes by treatment with detergents. 
A)  interact with the hydrophobic regions of the membrane through covalent bonding. 
B)  are usually denatured when removed from membranes. 
C)  are generally non-covalently bound to membrane lipids. 
D)  may have functional parts on both sides of the membrane. 
E)  can only be released from membranes by treatment with detergents.

Question 6

Two models currently exist as to the mechanism behind how glycoproteins and polysaccharides are processed and packaged in the Golgi apparatus. Which of the following statements is true in relation to at least one of these models?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cargo molecules, having entered the cis-most cisterna, then progress through consecutive cisterna. In each cisterna the molecules are processed by enzymes specific to that cisterna. The number of cisternae the molecule is transported through is therefore directly proportional to the degree of modification it undergoes. 
B)  Cargo molecules move from one cisterna to the next in an anterograde direction via small vesicles. The processing enzymes that modify the cargo molecules remain in the same cisterna within the stack. 
C)  Processing enzymes move in a retrograde direction into only the first cisterna, with all subsequent movement external to cisternae and instead occuring via vesicles where processing enzymes are active. 
D)  Processing enzymes move freely between cisternae and vesicles where they come in to contact with cargo molecules moving from one cisternae to the next. 
E)  Vesicles and cisternae constantly fuse and divide, by which means they facilitate processing enzymes to contact and interact with cargo molecules as they move in either an anterograde or retrograde direction. 
A)  Cargo molecules, having entered the cis-most cisterna, then progress through consecutive cisterna. In each cisterna the molecules are processed by enzymes specific to that cisterna. The number of cisternae the molecule is transported through is therefore directly proportional to the degree of modification it undergoes. 
B)  Cargo molecules move from one cisterna to the next in an anterograde direction via small vesicles. The processing enzymes that modify the cargo molecules remain in the same cisterna within the stack. 
C)  Processing enzymes move in a retrograde direction into only the first cisterna, with all subsequent movement external to cisternae and instead occuring via vesicles where processing enzymes are active. 
D)  Processing enzymes move freely between cisternae and vesicles where they come in to contact with cargo molecules moving from one cisternae to the next. 
E)  Vesicles and cisternae constantly fuse and divide, by which means they facilitate processing enzymes to contact and interact with cargo molecules as they move in either an anterograde or retrograde direction.

Question 7

Chlorophyll molecules are found

Accepted Answer

A)  associated with the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. 
B)  in the stroma of chloroplasts only. 
C)  evenly distributed in the chloroplast. 
D)  in amyloplasts and chromoplasts. 
E)  associated with the permeable outer membrane of chloroplasts. 
A)  associated with the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. 
B)  in the stroma of chloroplasts only. 
C)  evenly distributed in the chloroplast. 
D)  in amyloplasts and chromoplasts. 
E)  associated with the permeable outer membrane of chloroplasts.

Question 8

Choose the sequence that best describes the progress of an enzyme from synthesis to its final destination in a lysosome.

Accepted Answer

A)  Rough endoplasmic reticulum, cis face of Golgi apparatus, trans face of Golgi apparatus, endolysosome, vesicle. 
B)  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, cis face of Golgi apparatus, cis face of Golgi apparatus, vesicle, endolysosome. 
C)  Rough endoplasmic reticulum, cis face of Golgi apparatus, trans face of Golgi apparatus, vesicle, endolysosome. 
D)  Rough endoplasmic reticulum, trans face of Golgi apparatus, cis face of Golgi apparatus, vesicle, endolysosome. 
E)  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, cis face of Golgi apparatus, trans face of Golgi apparatus, vesicle, endolysosome. 
A)  Rough endoplasmic reticulum, cis face of Golgi apparatus, trans face of Golgi apparatus, endolysosome, vesicle. 
B)  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, cis face of Golgi apparatus, cis face of Golgi apparatus, vesicle, endolysosome. 
C)  Rough endoplasmic reticulum, cis face of Golgi apparatus, trans face of Golgi apparatus, vesicle, endolysosome. 
D)  Rough endoplasmic reticulum, trans face of Golgi apparatus, cis face of Golgi apparatus, vesicle, endolysosome. 
E)  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, cis face of Golgi apparatus, trans face of Golgi apparatus, vesicle, endolysosome.

Question 9

In cells, the cytoplasm consists of

Accepted Answer

A)  ribosomes and cytosol. 
B)  cytosol and organelles with the exception of the nucleus. 
C)  all fluidic material within the cellular membrane. 
D)  just cytosol. 
E)  all material within the cellular membrane. 
A)  ribosomes and cytosol. 
B)  cytosol and organelles with the exception of the nucleus. 
C)  all fluidic material within the cellular membrane. 
D)  just cytosol. 
E)  all material within the cellular membrane.

Question 10

Cytoplasmic organisation and motility are a result of the

Accepted Answer

A)  interaction of the actin-binding protein gelsolin with actin to polymerise the filaments. 
B)  activity of microtubule-binding proteins (MAPs) and ATPases. 
C)  interaction between organelles and elements of the cytoskeleton. 
D)  interaction of the tubulin with myosin. 
E)  rigidity of the microfilaments which provide mechanical support for the organelles. 
A)  interaction of the actin-binding protein gelsolin with actin to polymerise the filaments. 
B)  activity of microtubule-binding proteins (MAPs) and ATPases. 
C)  interaction between organelles and elements of the cytoskeleton. 
D)  interaction of the tubulin with myosin. 
E)  rigidity of the microfilaments which provide mechanical support for the organelles.

Question 11

In a cell that specialises in producing a steroid hormone you would expect to find

Accepted Answer

A)  a greater than average quantity of rough endoplasmic reticulum. 
B)  a greater than average quantity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 
C)  a greater than average number of mitochondria to provide energy for synthesis. 
D)  much less endoplasmic reticulum than in an average cell. 
E)  no structural differences from an average cell. 
A)  a greater than average quantity of rough endoplasmic reticulum. 
B)  a greater than average quantity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 
C)  a greater than average number of mitochondria to provide energy for synthesis. 
D)  much less endoplasmic reticulum than in an average cell. 
E)  no structural differences from an average cell.

Question 12

Which of the following is INCORRECT about chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

A)  They consist of chromatin strands. 
B)  They are important in cell division. 
C)  They make up DNA. 
D)  Parts of them, termed euchromatin, are areas of active gene transcription. 
E)  They can be visible through a light microscope. 
A)  They consist of chromatin strands. 
B)  They are important in cell division. 
C)  They make up DNA. 
D)  Parts of them, termed euchromatin, are areas of active gene transcription. 
E)  They can be visible through a light microscope.

Question 13

Lysosomes

Accepted Answer

A)  are the main organelle for removal of compounds generated within the cell. 
B)  are membrane-bound organelles involved in the breakdown of material brought into the cell by endocytosis. 
C)  lack DNA and ribosomes. 
D)  contain hydrolytic enzymes that are active at pH 5.0. 
E)  are surrounded by a single membrane. 
A)  are the main organelle for removal of compounds generated within the cell. 
B)  are membrane-bound organelles involved in the breakdown of material brought into the cell by endocytosis. 
C)  lack DNA and ribosomes. 
D)  contain hydrolytic enzymes that are active at pH 5.0. 
E)  are surrounded by a single membrane.

Question 14

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have the following in common

Accepted Answer

A)  an inner and outer membrane; their own circular DNA; a membrane system that enables them to produce ATP from trapped light energy. 
B)  an inner and outer membrane, a stroma, their own circular DNA. 
C)  an inner and outer membrane, a membrane system that enables them to produce ATP, small ribosomes. 
D)  a permeable outer membrane and an impermeable inner membrane that allows them to produce ATP. 
E)  an inner and outer membrane, their own circular DNA, a membrane system that enables them to produce ATP using energy released by glucose metabolism. 
A)  an inner and outer membrane; their own circular DNA; a membrane system that enables them to produce ATP from trapped light energy. 
B)  an inner and outer membrane, a stroma, their own circular DNA. 
C)  an inner and outer membrane, a membrane system that enables them to produce ATP, small ribosomes. 
D)  a permeable outer membrane and an impermeable inner membrane that allows them to produce ATP. 
E)  an inner and outer membrane, their own circular DNA, a membrane system that enables them to produce ATP using energy released by glucose metabolism.

Question 15

The endoplasmic reticulum is

Accepted Answer

A)  continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. 
B)  the site for protein synthesis for cellular proteins. 
C)  able to form direct connections between adjacent plant cells. 
D)  a network of membranes that extends through eukaryotic cells. 
E)  the site of lipid synthesis. 
A)  continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. 
B)  the site for protein synthesis for cellular proteins. 
C)  able to form direct connections between adjacent plant cells. 
D)  a network of membranes that extends through eukaryotic cells. 
E)  the site of lipid synthesis.

Question 16

All cells

Accepted Answer

A)  contain organelles where biological reactions occur. 
B)  contain a nucleus. 
C)  are bound by a double membrane. 
D)  have permeable membranes. 
E)  contain plastids. 
A)  contain organelles where biological reactions occur. 
B)  contain a nucleus. 
C)  are bound by a double membrane. 
D)  have permeable membranes. 
E)  contain plastids.

Question 17

The main difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells is

Accepted Answer

A)  prokaryotic cells have more internal, membrane-bound compartments than eukaryotic cells. 
B)  eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound subcellular compartments, called organelles, and prokaryotic cells do not. 
C)  prokaryotic cells have linear DNA and eukaryotic cells have circular DNA. 
D)  prokaryotic cells have a nucleus and eukaryotic cells do not. 
E)  eukaryotic cells contain double-stranded DNA while prokaryotic cells do not. 
A)  prokaryotic cells have more internal, membrane-bound compartments than eukaryotic cells. 
B)  eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound subcellular compartments, called organelles, and prokaryotic cells do not. 
C)  prokaryotic cells have linear DNA and eukaryotic cells have circular DNA. 
D)  prokaryotic cells have a nucleus and eukaryotic cells do not. 
E)  eukaryotic cells contain double-stranded DNA while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 18

Dinoflagellates (protists) and Salmonella (bacteria) are tiny, flagellated organisms. One is a prokaryote and one a eukaryote so we know they must differ in the following ways.

Accepted Answer

A)  The Dinoflagellate must be multicellular with membrane-bound organelles while the Salmonella must be unicellular and lacking membrane-bound organelles. 
B)  The Dinoflagellate must have flagella made up of microtubules and have membrane-bound organelles while the Salmonella must have flagella made of flagellin and lack membrane-bound organelles. 
C)  The Dinoflagellate must be multicellular with linear DNA while the Salmonella must be unicellular with circular DNA. 
D)  The Dinoflagellate must have flagella made up of microtubules and circular DNA while the Salmonella must have flagella made up of flagellin and linear DNA. 
E)  The Dinoflagellate must be multicellular with flagella made up of microtubules while the Salmonella must be unicellular and have flagella made of flagellin. 
A)  The Dinoflagellate must be multicellular with membrane-bound organelles while the Salmonella must be unicellular and lacking membrane-bound organelles. 
B)  The Dinoflagellate must have flagella made up of microtubules and have membrane-bound organelles while the Salmonella must have flagella made of flagellin and lack membrane-bound organelles. 
C)  The Dinoflagellate must be multicellular with linear DNA while the Salmonella must be unicellular with circular DNA. 
D)  The Dinoflagellate must have flagella made up of microtubules and circular DNA while the Salmonella must have flagella made up of flagellin and linear DNA. 
E)  The Dinoflagellate must be multicellular with flagella made up of microtubules while the Salmonella must be unicellular and have flagella made of flagellin.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the nuclear envelope is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nuclear pores are rigid with a fixed diameter. 
B)  The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. 
C)  The outer membrane is highly permeable, allowing ions and small molecules to pass freely. 
D)  The inner membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. 
E)  The inner and outer membranes have similar chemical composition. 
A)  Nuclear pores are rigid with a fixed diameter. 
B)  The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. 
C)  The outer membrane is highly permeable, allowing ions and small molecules to pass freely. 
D)  The inner membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. 
E)  The inner and outer membranes have similar chemical composition.

Question 20

Phospholipids make effective biological membranes because they

Accepted Answer

A)  are hydrophobic and repel water. 
B)  are amphipathic polar and can aggregate into a bilayer. 
C)  interact with proteins to stabilise the bilayer. 
D)  contain a hydrophilic phosphate group. 
E)  can form strong covalent bonds between each other. 
A)  are hydrophobic and repel water. 
B)  are amphipathic polar and can aggregate into a bilayer. 
C)  interact with proteins to stabilise the bilayer. 
D)  contain a hydrophilic phosphate group. 
E)  can form strong covalent bonds between each other.

Exam 4: Functioning Cells

Ribosomes are

Which of the following structures would you expect to find only in animal cells?

Plastids

The surface area of a plasma membrane increases

Peripheral membrane proteins

Two models currently exist as to the mechanism behind how glycoproteins and polysaccharides are processed and packaged in the Golgi apparatus. Which of the following statements is true in relation to at least one of these models?

Chlorophyll molecules are found

Choose the sequence that best describes the progress of an enzyme from synthesis to its final destination in a lysosome.

In cells, the cytoplasm consists of

Cytoplasmic organisation and motility are a result of the

In a cell that specialises in producing a steroid hormone you would expect to find

Which of the following is INCORRECT about chromosomes?

Lysosomes

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have the following in common

The endoplasmic reticulum is

All cells

The main difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells is

Dinoflagellates (protists) and Salmonella (bacteria) are tiny, flagellated organisms. One is a prokaryote and one a eukaryote so we know they must differ in the following ways.

Which of the following statements about the nuclear envelope is true?

Phospholipids make effective biological membranes because they

Nature of Molecules

Biomolecules

The Chemistry of Life

Movement Across Membranes

Harvesting Energy

Cells, Tissues and Signals

Cell Division

Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes and Dna

The Genetic Code

Gene Expression

Genomes, Mutation and Cancer

Viruses

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Reproduction, Growth and Development of Flowering Plants

Structure of Plants

Plant Nutrition, Transport and Adaptation to Stress

Plant Hormones and Growth Responses

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Homeostasis: Water, Solutes and Excretion

Gas Exchange in Animals

Circulation

Metabolism, Temperature Regulation and Environmental Stress

Animal and Human Nutrition

Innate Defences and the Immune System

Hormonal Control in Animals

Nervous Systems

Animal Movement

Animal Behaviour

Evolving Life

Evolving Earth

Mechanisms of Evolution

Bacteria

The Protists

Plants

Fungi

Simple Animals: Sponges to Flatworms

Annelids, Molluscs, Nematodes and Arthropods

Echinoderms and Chordates

Australian Biota

Population Ecology

Living in Communities

Ecosystems

Human Impacts

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