Question 1

What is the assumed sampling distribution for a chi square test?

Accepted Answer

A)  the F distribution 
B)  the t distribution 
C)  the Z distribution 
D)  The chi square test makes no assumption about the sampling distribution. 
A)  the F distribution 
B)  the t distribution 
C)  the Z distribution 
D)  The chi square test makes no assumption about the sampling distribution. D

Question 2

How are degrees of freedom computed for a chi square test?

Accepted Answer

A)  n1 + n2 - 2 
B)  n - 1 
C)  (r - 1)(c - 1) 
D)  (r + 1)(c + 1) 
A)  n1 + n2 - 2 
B)  n - 1 
C)  (r - 1)(c - 1) 
D)  (r + 1)(c + 1) C

Question 3

The observed row and column marginals of a bivariate table are 22 and 40 respectively. What can be concluded about the total expected values for the rows and columns?

Accepted Answer

A)  They must also be 22 and 40. 
B)  They must be greater than the observed frequencies. 
C)  They must be less than the observed frequencies. 
D)  They must be exactly half the value of the observed marginals. 
A)  They must also be 22 and 40. 
B)  They must be greater than the observed frequencies. 
C)  They must be less than the observed frequencies. 
D)  They must be exactly half the value of the observed marginals. A

Question 4

Suppose that both variables in a bivariate table have four categories. How many cells will the table have?

Accepted Answer

A)  16 
B)  8 
C)  4 
D)  2 
A)  16 
B)  8 
C)  4 
D)  2

Question 5

What may be concluded if the test statistic falls in the critical region in a test of significance?

Accepted Answer

A)  The research hypothesis is true. 
B)  The population distribution is normal. 
C)  The sample size was too small. 
D)  The null hypothesis can be rejected. 
A)  The research hypothesis is true. 
B)  The population distribution is normal. 
C)  The sample size was too small. 
D)  The null hypothesis can be rejected.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a polytomous variable that could be depicted in a bivariate table?

Accepted Answer

A)  working for an employer versus being self-employed 
B)  proportion of lifetime months spent working at present job 
C)  working versus self-employed versus retired versus unemployed 
D)  proportion of weekly hours spent at work 
A)  working for an employer versus being self-employed 
B)  proportion of lifetime months spent working at present job 
C)  working versus self-employed versus retired versus unemployed 
D)  proportion of weekly hours spent at work

Question 7

A teacher wants to determine if students who use a new study method improve their performance. Which of the following would be the best example of a null hypothesis used to formally test this idea?

Accepted Answer

A)  Students using the new study method do no better than the typical class average. 
B)  Students using the new study method do at least 3× better than other students in the course. 
C)  Students using the new study method do any amount better than other students in the course. 
D)  The odds of students using the new method improving their marks are at least 5 to 1. 
A)  Students using the new study method do no better than the typical class average. 
B)  Students using the new study method do at least 3× better than other students in the course. 
C)  Students using the new study method do any amount better than other students in the course. 
D)  The odds of students using the new method improving their marks are at least 5 to 1.

Question 8

Which of the following would summarize the relationship between fe (expected frequencies) and fo (observed frequencies) if we reject the null hypothesis in a chi square test?

Accepted Answer

A)  fe = fo 
B)  fe is very similar to fo. 
C)  fe is much greater than fo, but not that fo is much greater than fe. 
D)  fe is much greater than fo or fo is much greater than fe. 
A)  fe = fo 
B)  fe is very similar to fo. 
C)  fe is much greater than fo, but not that fo is much greater than fe. 
D)  fe is much greater than fo or fo is much greater than fe.

Question 9

Briefly describe what Type I errors and Type II errors are and how they are related.

Accepted Answer

A Type I error is a "false positive." Th

Question 10

A chi square test concludes that home owners and home renters differed in their likelihood of having a registered retirement savings plan (RRSP). What would characterize the expected and observed frequencies of these variables in the bivariate table?

Accepted Answer

A)  Observed frequencies are basically equivalent to expected frequencies. 
B)  Observed frequencies differ greatly from expected frequencies. 
C)  Observed frequencies are positive, and expected frequencies are negative. 
D)  Observed frequencies exceed marginal totals. 
A)  Observed frequencies are basically equivalent to expected frequencies. 
B)  Observed frequencies differ greatly from expected frequencies. 
C)  Observed frequencies are positive, and expected frequencies are negative. 
D)  Observed frequencies exceed marginal totals.

Question 11

If an observed test statistic is within the "critical region," what should we conclude?

Accepted Answer

A)  The mean for a sample is different from the mean of the population. 
B)  It falls in an area of the sampling distribution that includes unlikely sample outcomes. 
C)  There is likely "no difference" or "no relationship" between the variables. 
D)  It falls near the centre of the sampling distribution. 
A)  The mean for a sample is different from the mean of the population. 
B)  It falls in an area of the sampling distribution that includes unlikely sample outcomes. 
C)  There is likely "no difference" or "no relationship" between the variables. 
D)  It falls near the centre of the sampling distribution.

Question 12

Which of the following is a researcher more likely to do at a higher alpha level?

Accepted Answer

A)  commit a Type II error 
B)  conduct a two-tailed test 
C)  reject the null hypothesis 
D)  commit a Type I error 
A)  commit a Type II error 
B)  conduct a two-tailed test 
C)  reject the null hypothesis 
D)  commit a Type I error

Question 13

What is the alpha level at which a researcher would most likely reject the null hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  0.001 
B)  0.01 
C)  0.05 
D)  0.10 
A)  0.001 
B)  0.01 
C)  0.05 
D)  0.10

Question 14

Which of these terms refers to cell frequencies computed under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  expected frequencies 
B)  observed frequencies 
C)  random frequencies 
D)  null frequencies 
A)  expected frequencies 
B)  observed frequencies 
C)  random frequencies 
D)  null frequencies

Question 15

When a researcher chooses alpha, what is he or she essentially selecting the probability of?

Accepted Answer

A)  committing a Type I error 
B)  committing a Type II error 
C)  the null hypothesis being correct 
D)  the null hypothesis being incorrect 
A)  committing a Type I error 
B)  committing a Type II error 
C)  the null hypothesis being correct 
D)  the null hypothesis being incorrect

Question 16

A researcher analyzes data from a bivariate table with a chi square test. The two variables in the table are sex (man, woman) and political affiliation (NDP, Liberal, Conservative). What does the null hypothesis state?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sex causes people's political affiliation. 
B)  Sex and political affiliation are dependent. 
C)  Sex and political affiliation are independent. 
D)  Women are more likely to vote than men. 
A)  Sex causes people's political affiliation. 
B)  Sex and political affiliation are dependent. 
C)  Sex and political affiliation are independent. 
D)  Women are more likely to vote than men.

Question 17

When should the Yates correction for continuity be used?

Accepted Answer

A) in 5 × 5 tables when degrees of freedom are >25 B) in 2 × 2 tables when degrees of freedom are <5 C) in 2 × 2 tables when any expected cell counts are <5 D) in tables of any size when the critical value exceeds the degrees of freedom A) in 5 × 5 tables when degrees of freedom are >25 B) in 2 × 2 tables when degrees of freedom are <5 C) in 2 × 2 tables when any expected cell counts are <5 D) in tables of any size when the critical value exceeds the degrees of freedom

Question 18

How is the shape of sampling distribution for chi square different from that of the Z and the t distributions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chi square has a mode at the left and at the right side of its distribution. 
B)  Chi square is negatively skewed. 
C)  Chi square is positively skewed. 
D)  They are all actually identical in their general shape. 
A)  Chi square has a mode at the left and at the right side of its distribution. 
B)  Chi square is negatively skewed. 
C)  Chi square is positively skewed. 
D)  They are all actually identical in their general shape.

Question 19

A null hypothesis of "no association" is rejected at the 0.01 level. Which of the following is a valid conclusion?

Accepted Answer

A)  The null hypothesis is not true. 
B)  The odds are 1 to 1 that the correct decision has been made. 
C)  The odds are 10 to 1 that the correct decision has been made. 
D)  The odds are 100 to 1 that the correct decision has been made. 
A)  The null hypothesis is not true. 
B)  The odds are 1 to 1 that the correct decision has been made. 
C)  The odds are 10 to 1 that the correct decision has been made. 
D)  The odds are 100 to 1 that the correct decision has been made.

Question 20

What does "significance" mean in the statistical sense?

Accepted Answer

A)  The difference detected in a hypothesis test is strong enough to have important implications in the real world. 
B)  The probability of Type I and Type II errors has been adequately estimated to ensure that the test is informative. 
C)  The difference between a sample statistic and population parameter is unlikely to occur by random chance alone. 
D)  The sample used is large enough to be informative about the general population. 
A)  The difference detected in a hypothesis test is strong enough to have important implications in the real world. 
B)  The probability of Type I and Type II errors has been adequately estimated to ensure that the test is informative. 
C)  The difference between a sample statistic and population parameter is unlikely to occur by random chance alone. 
D)  The sample used is large enough to be informative about the general population.

What is the assumed sampling distribution for a chi square test?

How are degrees of freedom computed for a chi square test?

The observed row and column marginals of a bivariate table are 22 and 40 respectively. What can be concluded about the total expected values for the rows and columns?

Suppose that both variables in a bivariate table have four categories. How many cells will the table have?

What may be concluded if the test statistic falls in the critical region in a test of significance?

Which of the following is an example of a polytomous variable that could be depicted in a bivariate table?

A teacher wants to determine if students who use a new study method improve their performance. Which of the following would be the best example of a null hypothesis used to formally test this idea?

Which of the following would summarize the relationship between f_e (expected frequencies) and f_o (observed frequencies) if we reject the null hypothesis in a chi square test?

Briefly describe what Type I errors and Type II errors are and how they are related.

A chi square test concludes that home owners and home renters differed in their likelihood of having a registered retirement savings plan (RRSP). What would characterize the expected and observed frequencies of these variables in the bivariate table?

If an observed test statistic is within the "critical region," what should we conclude?

Which of the following is a researcher more likely to do at a higher alpha level?

What is the alpha level at which a researcher would most likely reject the null hypothesis?

Which of these terms refers to cell frequencies computed under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true?

When a researcher chooses alpha, what is he or she essentially selecting the probability of?

A researcher analyzes data from a bivariate table with a chi square test. The two variables in the table are sex (man, woman) and political affiliation (NDP, Liberal, Conservative). What does the null hypothesis state?

When should the Yates correction for continuity be used?

How is the shape of sampling distribution for chi square different from that of the Z and the t distributions?

A null hypothesis of "no association" is rejected at the 0.01 level. Which of the following is a valid conclusion?

What does "significance" mean in the statistical sense?

Introduction

Basic Descriptive Statistics: Percentages, Ratios and Rates, Tables, Charts, and Graphs

Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion

The Normal Curve

Introduction to Inferential Statistics: Sampling and the Sampling Distribution

Estimation Procedures for Sample Means and Proportions

Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the Nominal Level

Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the Ordinal Level

Hypothesis Testing With Means and Proportions: The One-Sample Case

Hypothesis Testing With Means and Proportions: The Two-Sample Case

Hypothesis Testing With More Than Two Means: One-Way Analysis of Variance

Hypothesis Testing and Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the Interval-Ratio Level

Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation

Filters

Exam 7: Hypothesis Testing With Nominal and Ordinal Variables: CHI Square

What is the assumed sampling distribution for a chi square test?

How are degrees of freedom computed for a chi square test?

The observed row and column marginals of a bivariate table are 22 and 40 respectively. What can be concluded about the total expected values for the rows and columns?

Suppose that both variables in a bivariate table have four categories. How many cells will the table have?

What may be concluded if the test statistic falls in the critical region in a test of significance?

Which of the following is an example of a polytomous variable that could be depicted in a bivariate table?

A teacher wants to determine if students who use a new study method improve their performance. Which of the following would be the best example of a null hypothesis used to formally test this idea?

Which of the following would summarize the relationship between fe (expected frequencies) and fo (observed frequencies) if we reject the null hypothesis in a chi square test?

Briefly describe what Type I errors and Type II errors are and how they are related.

A chi square test concludes that home owners and home renters differed in their likelihood of having a registered retirement savings plan (RRSP). What would characterize the expected and observed frequencies of these variables in the bivariate table?

If an observed test statistic is within the "critical region," what should we conclude?

Which of the following is a researcher more likely to do at a higher alpha level?

What is the alpha level at which a researcher would most likely reject the null hypothesis?

Which of these terms refers to cell frequencies computed under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true?

When a researcher chooses alpha, what is he or she essentially selecting the probability of?

A researcher analyzes data from a bivariate table with a chi square test. The two variables in the table are sex (man, woman) and political affiliation (NDP, Liberal, Conservative). What does the null hypothesis state?

When should the Yates correction for continuity be used?

How is the shape of sampling distribution for chi square different from that of the Z and the t distributions?

A null hypothesis of "no association" is rejected at the 0.01 level. Which of the following is a valid conclusion?

What does "significance" mean in the statistical sense?

Introduction

Basic Descriptive Statistics: Percentages, Ratios and Rates, Tables, Charts, and Graphs

Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion

The Normal Curve

Introduction to Inferential Statistics: Sampling and the Sampling Distribution

Estimation Procedures for Sample Means and Proportions

Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the Nominal Level

Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the Ordinal Level

Hypothesis Testing With Means and Proportions: The One-Sample Case

Hypothesis Testing With Means and Proportions: The Two-Sample Case

Hypothesis Testing With More Than Two Means: One-Way Analysis of Variance

Hypothesis Testing and Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the Interval-Ratio Level

Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation

Filters

Which of the following would summarize the relationship between f_e (expected frequencies) and f_o (observed frequencies) if we reject the null hypothesis in a chi square test?