Exam 1: Concepts, Variables, and Measurement

Pie charts should be used to present data for nominal or ordinal variables.

When the attributes of a variable include every possible response the attributes are said to be ------------.

Properly operationalized variables must have attributes that are -----------.

Happiness is the independent variable in the following statement: If income increases then happiness increases.

What are statistics, and why are they important?

Which of the following is most appropriate to present data on years of education?

Anomie is an example of a -------------.

---------- refers to the degree to which a variable measures what we think it is measuring.

Attributes are collectively exhaustive when the attributes do not overlap.

Suppose a researcher hypothesizes that an increase in education leads to increased income. What is the independent variable?

Distinguish between the individualistic and ecological fallacy.

Survey questions are not reliable if respondents interpret the questions in different ways.

Which of the following criteria must be met in order to effectively argue that two variables are associated?

The following is an empirical research question: Does a person's sexual orientation have an effect on annual income? Consider this research question and answer the following: a. State a suitable research hypothesis: b. What is the independent variable? c. What is the level of measurement for the independent variable? d. What is the dependent variable? e. What is the level of measurement for the dependent variable? f. What is the unit of analysis for the research question?

Which of the following is a nominal variable?

Conceptualization is the process of defining what we mean by a concept.

Interval/ratio is considered the highest level of measurement.