Question 1

What are three different approaches a researcher can use when undertaking content analysis? Describe each one.

Accepted Answer

1. Quantitative content analysis: This approach involves systematically coding and analyzing the content of a text or media using numerical data. Researchers can use this approach to quantify the frequency of specific words, themes, or topics within the content. This method allows for statistical analysis and can provide insights into patterns and trends within the data.

2. Qualitative content analysis: In contrast to quantitative content analysis, qualitative content analysis focuses on interpreting the meaning and context of the content. Researchers using this approach may use coding to identify themes, patterns, and underlying meanings within the text or media. This method allows for a deeper understanding of the content and can uncover nuanced insights that quantitative analysis may overlook.

3. Mixed-methods content analysis: This approach combines both quantitative and qualitative methods to provide a comprehensive analysis of the content. Researchers using this approach may start with quantitative analysis to identify patterns and trends, and then use qualitative analysis to delve deeper into the meaning and context of the content. This method allows for a more holistic understanding of the content and can provide a more nuanced and comprehensive analysis.

Question 2

Define the following:contextual equivalence

Accepted Answer

Contextual equivalence is a concept used in programming language theory and semantics to determine when two program fragments (such as expressions, statements, or programs) can be considered equivalent within any context that they are used. Two fragments are contextually equivalent if replacing one with the other in any program does not change the observable behavior of the program.

To define it more formally, let's consider two program fragments A and B. We say that A is contextually equivalent to B if, for every context C[.], where the dot represents a placeholder for a program fragment, the program C[A] has the same observable behavior as C[B]. Observable behavior can include things like output produced, exceptions thrown, or side effects performed, depending on the language's semantics.

Contextual equivalence is a strong form of equivalence because it must hold in all possible contexts. This is different from syntactic equivalence, where two fragments are equivalent if they have the same structure or form, and semantic equivalence, where two fragments are equivalent if they have the same meaning in isolation, without considering the context in which they are used.

In practice, proving contextual equivalence can be challenging because it requires considering all possible contexts. However, it is a powerful tool for reasoning about program correctness, refactoring, optimization, and the design of programming languages, as it provides a robust notion of when two pieces of code are truly interchangeable.

Question 3

In social scientific research,__________ refers to a discipline that studies the past,while __________ is the method of doing historical research.

Accepted Answer

A) history;historiography 
B) historiography;history 
C) sociology;narrative history 
D) sociology;historiography 
E) history;narrative history 
A) history;historiography 
B) historiography;history 
C) sociology;narrative history 
D) sociology;historiography 
E) history;narrative history A

Question 4

In culture A,teachers' primary role is to provide intellectual training for a fee.In culture B,teachers are community members who provide informal instruction to young persons,especially with regards to moral matters.However,when writing a book on teachers,Emit Elliot claims teachers in culture B perform the same function as teachers in culture A.What mistake is Emit making?

Accepted Answer

A) Mistake of contextual generalizability 
B) Mistake of conceptual generalizability 
C) Mistake of historical compatibility 
D) Mistake of contextual equivalence 
E) Mistake of conceptual equivalence 
A) Mistake of contextual generalizability 
B) Mistake of conceptual generalizability 
C) Mistake of historical compatibility 
D) Mistake of contextual equivalence 
E) Mistake of conceptual equivalence

Question 5

Define the following:critical discourse analysis

Accepted Answer

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an

Question 6

Define the following:qualitative content analysis

Accepted Answer

Qualitative content analysis is a resear

Question 7

What types of historical evidence do historical researchers draw upon? Who would have produced this evidence?

Accepted Answer

Historical researchers draw upon a varie

Question 8

Which of the following statements best describes the fundamental premises of oral history?

Accepted Answer

A) Oral history consists of the events,beliefs,or feelings in the past that were directly experienced. 
B) Oral history is a type of writing about a historical setting in which the writer attempts to &#8220;tell a story&#8221;by following chronological order,describing particular people and events,and focusing on many colourful details. 
C) Oral history precisely measures and operationalizes variables. 
D) Oral history is information about events or settings that is documented or written later by historians or others who did not directly participate in the events or setting. 
E) Oral history consists of files,records,or documents that are maintained in a relatively consistent manner over a period of time. 
A) Oral history consists of the events,beliefs,or feelings in the past that were directly experienced. 
B) Oral history is a type of writing about a historical setting in which the writer attempts to &#8220;tell a story&#8221;by following chronological order,describing particular people and events,and focusing on many colourful details. 
C) Oral history precisely measures and operationalizes variables. 
D) Oral history is information about events or settings that is documented or written later by historians or others who did not directly participate in the events or setting. 
E) Oral history consists of files,records,or documents that are maintained in a relatively consistent manner over a period of time.

Question 9

In conventional qualitative content analysis,the coding process begins

Accepted Answer

A) with keywords. 
B) with theory. 
C) with selecting only the latent codes. 
D) prior to data analysis. 
E) with observation. 
A) with keywords. 
B) with theory. 
C) with selecting only the latent codes. 
D) prior to data analysis. 
E) with observation.

Question 10

Historical research helps a researcher identify aspects of social life that are

Accepted Answer

A) specific to a particular point in time. 
B) general across time or units. 
C) hidden within a particular context. 
D) narrowly defined within a particular historical context. 
E) empirically specific to one unit of analysis. 
A) specific to a particular point in time. 
B) general across time or units. 
C) hidden within a particular context. 
D) narrowly defined within a particular historical context. 
E) empirically specific to one unit of analysis.

Question 11

Define the following:equivalence

Accepted Answer

Equivalence, in a general sense, refers

Question 12

Define the following:running records

Accepted Answer

Running records are a formative assessme

Question 13

Key elements of the narrative form include conjuncture,symbolized as __________.

Accepted Answer

A) if X,then Y 
B) if not X,then not Y 
C) if X,then not Y 
D) if not X,then Y 
E) None of the above 
A) if X,then Y 
B) if not X,then not Y 
C) if X,then not Y 
D) if not X,then Y 
E) None of the above

Question 14

What are some problems that the historical researcher confronts when dealing with narrative history (accounts of the past written by historians)?

Accepted Answer

Some problems that historical researcher

Question 15

Which of the following statements is FALSE about historical research?

Accepted Answer

A) Historical researchers are flexible and adjust their initial concepts.They question or focus based on what they find in the evidence. 
B) Historical researchers attempt to control bias that may arise from a point of view or perspective.They are totally neutral and objective. 
C) Historical researchers often use &#8220;grounded theory.&#8221; 
D) Historical researchers focus on sequence and process.They tend to see social reality as constructed over time. 
E) Historical researchers &#8220;translate&#8221;another culture or time period into terms that a reader can understand. 
A) Historical researchers are flexible and adjust their initial concepts.They question or focus based on what they find in the evidence. 
B) Historical researchers attempt to control bias that may arise from a point of view or perspective.They are totally neutral and objective. 
C) Historical researchers often use &#8220;grounded theory.&#8221; 
D) Historical researchers focus on sequence and process.They tend to see social reality as constructed over time. 
E) Historical researchers &#8220;translate&#8221;another culture or time period into terms that a reader can understand.

Question 16

Define the following:historiography

Accepted Answer

Historiography refers to the study of th

Question 17

Professor Regina Aniger is in an archive,gathering evidence on a group of elite male politicians and governors in the 1770s for a book she is writing on how political conflict shaped the West.She discovers that all the existing evidence and documents about them ignore the roles of commoners.What does this missing information refer to?

Accepted Answer

A) Equivalence 
B) Primary data 
C) Synthesis 
D) Missing cases 
E) Silences 
A) Equivalence 
B) Primary data 
C) Synthesis 
D) Missing cases 
E) Silences

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the general steps taken in performing a critical discourse analysis?

Accepted Answer

A) Discuss your emerging themes with colleagues. 
B) Keep notes around any themes you see emerging. 
C) Move from a general research question into a more narrowly defined topic area. 
D) Read your data numerous times to familiarize yourself with its content. 
E) Identify the data you wish to study (i.e.,the form of your text)and collect that data. 
A) Discuss your emerging themes with colleagues. 
B) Keep notes around any themes you see emerging. 
C) Move from a general research question into a more narrowly defined topic area. 
D) Read your data numerous times to familiarize yourself with its content. 
E) Identify the data you wish to study (i.e.,the form of your text)and collect that data.

Question 19

Define the following:history

Accepted Answer

History is the study of past events, par

Question 20

You read a book called British Columbia at the Turn of the Twentieth Century.While reading it you notice that the author discusses only the lives and ideas of five individuals based upon their diaries.The author avoids making any sort of generalizations or integrating some possible themes.What problem with secondary sources is illustrated with this example?

Accepted Answer

A) Historians often use vague concepts with inconsistent definitions to organize the primary sources they read. 
B) Historians select a tiny fraction of the mass of information they read,but the selection process is largely unseen and unknown. 
C) Historians often have to rely recollections that are distorted by the imperfections of memory. 
D) Historians,especially those who write in a narrative form,separate out significant from trivial information,but rarely make their social theories explicit. 
E) Historians are influenced by various &#8220;schools&#8221;of historiography. 
A) Historians often use vague concepts with inconsistent definitions to organize the primary sources they read. 
B) Historians select a tiny fraction of the mass of information they read,but the selection process is largely unseen and unknown. 
C) Historians often have to rely recollections that are distorted by the imperfections of memory. 
D) Historians,especially those who write in a narrative form,separate out significant from trivial information,but rarely make their social theories explicit. 
E) Historians are influenced by various &#8220;schools&#8221;of historiography.

What are three different approaches a researcher can use when undertaking content analysis? Describe each one.

Define the following:contextual equivalence

In social scientific research, refers to a discipline that studies the past,while is the method of doing historical research.

Define the following:critical discourse analysis

Define the following:qualitative content analysis

What types of historical evidence do historical researchers draw upon? Who would have produced this evidence?

Which of the following statements best describes the fundamental premises of oral history?

In conventional qualitative content analysis,the coding process begins

Historical research helps a researcher identify aspects of social life that are

Define the following:equivalence

Define the following:running records

Key elements of the narrative form include conjuncture,symbolized as __________.

What are some problems that the historical researcher confronts when dealing with narrative history (accounts of the past written by historians)?

Which of the following statements is FALSE about historical research?

Define the following:historiography

Which of the following is NOT one of the general steps taken in performing a critical discourse analysis?

Define the following:history

Doing Social Research

Theory and Social Research

Ethics in Social Research

Reviewing the Scholarly Literature and Planning a Study

Designing a Study

Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement

Qualitative and Quantitative Sampling

Survey Research

Experimental Research

Nonreactive Quantitative Research and Secondary Analysis

Analysis of Quantitative Data

Qualitative Interviewing

Field Research

Analysis of Qualitative Data

Combining Methods in Social Science Research

Filters

Exam 14: Nonreactive Qualitative Research

What are three different approaches a researcher can use when undertaking content analysis? Describe each one.

Define the following:contextual equivalence

In social scientific research,__________ refers to a discipline that studies the past,while __________ is the method of doing historical research.

Define the following:critical discourse analysis

Define the following:qualitative content analysis

What types of historical evidence do historical researchers draw upon? Who would have produced this evidence?

Which of the following statements best describes the fundamental premises of oral history?

In conventional qualitative content analysis,the coding process begins

Historical research helps a researcher identify aspects of social life that are

Define the following:equivalence

Define the following:running records

Key elements of the narrative form include conjuncture,symbolized as __________.

What are some problems that the historical researcher confronts when dealing with narrative history (accounts of the past written by historians)?

Which of the following statements is FALSE about historical research?

Define the following:historiography

Which of the following is NOT one of the general steps taken in performing a critical discourse analysis?

Define the following:history

Doing Social Research

Theory and Social Research

Ethics in Social Research

Reviewing the Scholarly Literature and Planning a Study

Designing a Study

Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement

Qualitative and Quantitative Sampling

Survey Research

Experimental Research

Nonreactive Quantitative Research and Secondary Analysis

Analysis of Quantitative Data

Qualitative Interviewing

Field Research

Analysis of Qualitative Data

Combining Methods in Social Science Research

Filters

In social scientific research, refers to a discipline that studies the past,while is the method of doing historical research.