Exam 12: Reasoning and Decision Making

Scientific experiments rely on causal reasoning.

_____ developed the logical rules of syllogistic reasoning.

You decide that you are going to apply to graduate school for a Master's degree in psychology, and that you want to graduate within 3 years of starting the program. First, you look up all of the schools that have the program you are interested in, and you apply. You receive word that you have been accepted to 3 schools! In order to aid in your decision of which school you should attend, you list all of the pros and cons for each. Then, you sleep on it and make a decision the next morning on which offer to accept. A year into the program, you think to yourself that this was the best decision you could have made, and that you cannot wait to see how this education affects your life. This last portion reflects what stage of decision making?

Compare and contrast deductive vs. inductive reasoning.

In Kahneman and Tversky's prospect theory, they hypothesized that people tend to _____ low-probability outcomes and _____ high-probability outcomes.

_____ are those that are either true or False.

The dual-process framework details the idea that cognitive tasks can be performed using two separate and distinct processes.

_____ propose that errors arise from general biases against making particular conclusions.

Syllogistic reasoning involves a conclusion that follows necessarily from a series of premises.

One of the major differences between laboratory reasoning tasks and everyday reasoning tasks is that:

Imagine that you are driving, and the car a few feet ahead of you gets into an accident. You think, "What if I had left a few seconds earlier; that could've been me!" This is an example of _____.

_____ is a process by which a conclusion follows from conditional statements.

_____ reasoning concerns making and evaluating arguments from general information to specific information as _____ reasoning concerns making and evaluating arguments from specific information to general information.

We are very good at logical reasoning.

The ideal model of decision making involves:

Inductive reasoning involves making and evaluating arguments from general information to specific information.

Sometimes it feels as though we use logic to reason, while other times we use other methods, like making a split-second decision without any time to think. This best illustrates _____.

"If it snows today, I am not going to go to work. It is not snowing outside. I am going to work." This is an example of a(n) _____.

According to Johnson-Laird et al. (2010), reasoning proceeds through three stages, which are:

The following is a valid conditional argument: "If it snows today, I am not going to work. I am going to work. It is not snowing today."