Question 1

Learned helplessness is likely to develop if

Accepted Answer

A) controllable shocks are preceded by uncontrollable shocks 
B) uncontrollable shocks are preceded by controllable shocks 
C) either a or b 
D) neither a nor b 
A) controllable shocks are preceded by uncontrollable shocks 
B) uncontrollable shocks are preceded by controllable shocks 
C) either a or b 
D) neither a nor b A

Question 2

To obtain the maximum reduction in a behavior,the most effective schedule of punishment is

Accepted Answer

A) continuous punishment 
B) fixed-ratio punishment 
C) variable-ratio punishment 
D) fixed-interval punishment 
A) continuous punishment 
B) fixed-ratio punishment 
C) variable-ratio punishment 
D) fixed-interval punishment A

Question 3

A disadvantage of using punishment is that

Accepted Answer

A) one must continually monitor the subject's behavior 
B) a return of the punished behavior is inevitable once the punishment contingency is removed 
C) both a and b 
D) neither a nor b 
A) one must continually monitor the subject's behavior 
B) a return of the punished behavior is inevitable once the punishment contingency is removed 
C) both a and b 
D) neither a nor b A

Question 4

According to the cognitive theory of avoidance,a subject learns to expect

Accepted Answer

A) that no shock will occur if a response is made 
B) that shock will occur if no response is made 
C) both a and b 
D) neither a nor b 
A) that no shock will occur if a response is made 
B) that shock will occur if no response is made 
C) both a and b 
D) neither a nor b

Question 5

According to Bolles's theory of species-specific defense reactions,shock-avoidance learning in a rat would probably be slowest if the required response were

Accepted Answer

A) jumping out of the chamber 
B) pressing a lever 
C) running in a wheel 
D) standing still 
A) jumping out of the chamber 
B) pressing a lever 
C) running in a wheel 
D) standing still

Question 6

After training an avoidance response,response blocking can

Accepted Answer

A) lead to aggression 
B) help to produce extinction of the avoidance response 
C) produce an increase in avoidance responses 
D) lead to increased fear of the CS 
A) lead to aggression 
B) help to produce extinction of the avoidance response 
C) produce an increase in avoidance responses 
D) lead to increased fear of the CS

Question 7

Taking an aspirin every day to reduce one's chances of a heart attack is an example of a behavior controlled by

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) punishment 
D) omission 
A) positive reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) punishment 
D) omission

Question 8

A young boy disobeys his parents by coming home late.An example of the use of negative punishment would be to

Accepted Answer

A) pay no attention to the transgression 
B) require the child to dry the dishes 
C) give the child no allowance for that week 
D) none of the above 
A) pay no attention to the transgression 
B) require the child to dry the dishes 
C) give the child no allowance for that week 
D) none of the above

Question 9

According to two-factor theory,in a shuttle-box shock-avoidance procedure,an avoidance response is reinforced by

Accepted Answer

A) the termination of the shock 
B) the omission of the shock 
C) the termination of the CS 
D) the omission of the CS 
A) the termination of the shock 
B) the omission of the shock 
C) the termination of the CS 
D) the omission of the CS

Question 10

According to the one-factor theory of avoidance,

Accepted Answer

A) fear is essential for avoidance learning 
B) an external CS that predicts the arrival of an aversive event is essential for avoidance learning 
C) avoidance of an aversive event can itself serve as a reinforcer 
D) avoidance responding should never extinguish 
A) fear is essential for avoidance learning 
B) an external CS that predicts the arrival of an aversive event is essential for avoidance learning 
C) avoidance of an aversive event can itself serve as a reinforcer 
D) avoidance responding should never extinguish

Question 11

As animals become experienced in an avoidance task,

Accepted Answer

A) visible signs of fear increase 
B) visible signs of fear decrease 
C) there are visible signs of fear before the avoidance response is made,but not after 
D) there are visible signs of fear after the avoidance response is made,but not before 
A) visible signs of fear increase 
B) visible signs of fear decrease 
C) there are visible signs of fear before the avoidance response is made,but not after 
D) there are visible signs of fear after the avoidance response is made,but not before

Question 12

Learned helplessness has been observed in

Accepted Answer

A) dogs 
B) cockroaches 
C) the spinal cord 
D) all of the above 
A) dogs 
B) cockroaches 
C) the spinal cord 
D) all of the above

Question 13

Removing a pleasant stimulus after a behavior occurs is called

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) punishment 
D) negative punishment 
A) positive reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) punishment 
D) negative punishment

Question 14

The effects of punishment are

Accepted Answer

A) temporary 
B) no greater than those of response-independent shocks 
C) dependent on the immediacy of the punishment 
D) greatest when the subject has no alternative behaviors available 
A) temporary 
B) no greater than those of response-independent shocks 
C) dependent on the immediacy of the punishment 
D) greatest when the subject has no alternative behaviors available

Question 15

If a teacher believes that a child is constantly being disruptive in a classroom because it allows him to avoid doing his assignment,the best behavior decelerator to use is probably

Accepted Answer

A) time-out 
B) escape extinction 
C) stimulus satiation 
D) response blocking 
A) time-out 
B) escape extinction 
C) stimulus satiation 
D) response blocking

Question 16

According to Bolles,typical laboratory experiments on avoidance are not representative of avoidance in the natural environment because

Accepted Answer

A) shock is not usually encountered in the natural environment 
B) avoidance in the natural environment does not require many learning trials 
C) there are many more discriminative stimuli to examine in the natural environment 
D) all of the above 
A) shock is not usually encountered in the natural environment 
B) avoidance in the natural environment does not require many learning trials 
C) there are many more discriminative stimuli to examine in the natural environment 
D) all of the above

Question 17

When flooding is used as behavior therapy,it is important to

Accepted Answer

A) make sure that a session continues until the patient's fear decreases 
B) keep each session short 
C) keep the patient relaxed throughout the treatment 
D) keep the patient uninformed about what will occur during treatment 
A) make sure that a session continues until the patient's fear decreases 
B) keep each session short 
C) keep the patient relaxed throughout the treatment 
D) keep the patient uninformed about what will occur during treatment

Question 18

Suppose an animal first receives tone-shock pairings in one chamber,and then learns to jump over a barrier to escape a shock in a shuttle box.If the tone is now presented in the shuttle box,the likely result is

Accepted Answer

A) an increase in the rate at which the dog jumps over the barrier 
B) a decrease in the rate at which the dog jumps over the barrier 
C) no change in the rate of jumping 
D) conditioned suppression 
A) an increase in the rate at which the dog jumps over the barrier 
B) a decrease in the rate at which the dog jumps over the barrier 
C) no change in the rate of jumping 
D) conditioned suppression

Question 19

According to two-factor theory,the procedure of response blocking or flooding

Accepted Answer

A) works because the subject's expectations about the consequences of failing to respond are changed 
B) works because the fear-eliciting properties of the CS are extinguished 
C) works because flooding produces a drastic stimulus change 
D) should not work 
A) works because the subject's expectations about the consequences of failing to respond are changed 
B) works because the fear-eliciting properties of the CS are extinguished 
C) works because flooding produces a drastic stimulus change 
D) should not work

Question 20

Various experiments have shown that avoidance responding

Accepted Answer

A) will not be acquired unless there is an external CS 
B) will be acquired without an external CS if the passage of time is a reliable signal for shock 
C) will not be acquired if the only effect of a response is to reduce the rate of shocks 
D) none of the above 
A) will not be acquired unless there is an external CS 
B) will be acquired without an external CS if the passage of time is a reliable signal for shock 
C) will not be acquired if the only effect of a response is to reduce the rate of shocks 
D) none of the above

Learned helplessness is likely to develop if

To obtain the maximum reduction in a behavior,the most effective schedule of punishment is

A disadvantage of using punishment is that

According to the cognitive theory of avoidance,a subject learns to expect

According to Bolles's theory of species-specific defense reactions,shock-avoidance learning in a rat would probably be slowest if the required response were

After training an avoidance response,response blocking can

Taking an aspirin every day to reduce one's chances of a heart attack is an example of a behavior controlled by

A young boy disobeys his parents by coming home late.An example of the use of negative punishment would be to

According to two-factor theory,in a shuttle-box shock-avoidance procedure,an avoidance response is reinforced by

According to the one-factor theory of avoidance,

As animals become experienced in an avoidance task,

Learned helplessness has been observed in

Removing a pleasant stimulus after a behavior occurs is called

The effects of punishment are

If a teacher believes that a child is constantly being disruptive in a classroom because it allows him to avoid doing his assignment,the best behavior decelerator to use is probably

According to Bolles,typical laboratory experiments on avoidance are not representative of avoidance in the natural environment because

When flooding is used as behavior therapy,it is important to

Suppose an animal first receives tone-shock pairings in one chamber,and then learns to jump over a barrier to escape a shock in a shuttle box.If the tone is now presented in the shuttle box,the likely result is

According to two-factor theory,the procedure of response blocking or flooding

Various experiments have shown that avoidance responding

History, background, and Basic Concepts

Innate Behavior Patterns and Habituation

Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning

Theories and Research on Classical Conditioning

Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement Schedules: Experimental Analyses and Applications

Theories and Research on Operant Conditioning

Stimulus Control and Concept Learning

Comparative Cognition

Learning by Observation

Learning Motor Skills

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Exam 7: Avoidance and Punishment

Learned helplessness is likely to develop if

To obtain the maximum reduction in a behavior,the most effective schedule of punishment is

A disadvantage of using punishment is that

According to the cognitive theory of avoidance,a subject learns to expect

According to Bolles's theory of species-specific defense reactions,shock-avoidance learning in a rat would probably be slowest if the required response were

After training an avoidance response,response blocking can

Taking an aspirin every day to reduce one's chances of a heart attack is an example of a behavior controlled by

A young boy disobeys his parents by coming home late.An example of the use of negative punishment would be to

According to two-factor theory,in a shuttle-box shock-avoidance procedure,an avoidance response is reinforced by

According to the one-factor theory of avoidance,

As animals become experienced in an avoidance task,

Learned helplessness has been observed in

Removing a pleasant stimulus after a behavior occurs is called

The effects of punishment are

If a teacher believes that a child is constantly being disruptive in a classroom because it allows him to avoid doing his assignment,the best behavior decelerator to use is probably

According to Bolles,typical laboratory experiments on avoidance are not representative of avoidance in the natural environment because

When flooding is used as behavior therapy,it is important to

Suppose an animal first receives tone-shock pairings in one chamber,and then learns to jump over a barrier to escape a shock in a shuttle box.If the tone is now presented in the shuttle box,the likely result is

According to two-factor theory,the procedure of response blocking or flooding

Various experiments have shown that avoidance responding

History, background, and Basic Concepts

Innate Behavior Patterns and Habituation

Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning

Theories and Research on Classical Conditioning

Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement Schedules: Experimental Analyses and Applications

Theories and Research on Operant Conditioning

Stimulus Control and Concept Learning

Comparative Cognition

Learning by Observation

Learning Motor Skills

Choice

Filters