Question 1

According to Caraco's theory about risk taking,animals are

Accepted Answer

A) more risk prone when food is scarce 
B) more risk prone when food is plentiful 
C) more risk averse when they are hungry 
D) none of the above 
A) more risk prone when food is scarce 
B) more risk prone when food is plentiful 
C) more risk averse when they are hungry 
D) none of the above A

Question 2

Experiments have shown that in situations where optimization theory predicts one behavior and the matching law predicts another,

Accepted Answer

A) animals usually behave as the matching law predicts. 
B) animals usually behave as optimization theory predicts. 
C) animals shift back and forth,sometimes following the matching law and sometimes optimization theory. 
D) people follow the matching law but animals do not. 
A) animals usually behave as the matching law predicts. 
B) animals usually behave as optimization theory predicts. 
C) animals shift back and forth,sometimes following the matching law and sometimes optimization theory. 
D) people follow the matching law but animals do not. A

Question 3

A strategy not advisable for a person who wants to stop spending money impulsively is

Accepted Answer

A) destroy your credit cards 
B) do not bring a lot of money when you go shopping 
C) carry a picture of some expensive item for which you are saving in your wallet 
D) never make a shopping list 
A) destroy your credit cards 
B) do not bring a lot of money when you go shopping 
C) carry a picture of some expensive item for which you are saving in your wallet 
D) never make a shopping list D

Question 4

The tragedy of the commons arises in situations where

Accepted Answer

A) individuals place no value on the resources of the community 
B) individuals seek to maximize their personal gains 
C) the behavior of a single individual has no effect on the community's resources 
D) all of the above 
A) individuals place no value on the resources of the community 
B) individuals seek to maximize their personal gains 
C) the behavior of a single individual has no effect on the community's resources 
D) all of the above

Question 5

A self-control choice is a choice between a _______ reinforcer and a _______ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A) small and immediate;large and delayed 
B) small and delayed;large and immediate 
C) small and risky;large and guaranteed 
D) immediate and guaranteed;delayed and risky 
A) small and immediate;large and delayed 
B) small and delayed;large and immediate 
C) small and risky;large and guaranteed 
D) immediate and guaranteed;delayed and risky

Question 6

A pigeon responds on a concurrent VI 60-second VI 60-second schedule.If this animal's behavior roughly follows the matching law,it will probably receive

Accepted Answer

A) about 60 reinforcers per hour 
B) about 120 reinforcers per hour 
C) slightly less than 60 reinforcers per hour 
D) slightly less than 120 reinforcers per hour 
A) about 60 reinforcers per hour 
B) about 120 reinforcers per hour 
C) slightly less than 60 reinforcers per hour 
D) slightly less than 120 reinforcers per hour

Question 7

According to momentary maximization theory,in a concurrent VI VI situation,a subject will

Accepted Answer

A) show exclusive preference for the better VI schedule 
B) respond randomly on a moment-to-moment basis 
C) switch quickly from the poorer VI to the better VI,but switch slowly form the better VI to the poorer VI 
D) none of the above 
A) show exclusive preference for the better VI schedule 
B) respond randomly on a moment-to-moment basis 
C) switch quickly from the poorer VI to the better VI,but switch slowly form the better VI to the poorer VI 
D) none of the above

Question 8

A strategy not advisable for a person who wants to lose weight is

Accepted Answer

A) purchase only foods that are low in calories 
B) purchase only foods that can be prepared quickly 
C) reinforce yourself with some non-food item or activity for passing up dessert 
D) put pictures or other stimuli around the kitchen to remind you of your long-term goal 
A) purchase only foods that are low in calories 
B) purchase only foods that can be prepared quickly 
C) reinforce yourself with some non-food item or activity for passing up dessert 
D) put pictures or other stimuli around the kitchen to remind you of your long-term goal

Question 9

Studies with animals have shown that in a self-control situation,the use of a precommitment procedure is more effective in increasing the number of large-reinforcer choices if

Accepted Answer

A) there is no delay between the precommitment period and the delivery of either reinforcer 
B) there is a long delay between the precommitment period and the delivery of either reinforcer 
C) the small immediate reinforcer is visible during the precommitment period 
D) the animal is distracted during the preocommitment period 
A) there is no delay between the precommitment period and the delivery of either reinforcer 
B) there is a long delay between the precommitment period and the delivery of either reinforcer 
C) the small immediate reinforcer is visible during the precommitment period 
D) the animal is distracted during the preocommitment period

Question 10

In phase 1 of a choice experiment involving concurrent VI schedules,a human subject receives 25% of his reinforcers by making a left response.In phase 2,he receives 75% of his reinforcers by making a left response.The subject's percentage of left responses is 40% in phase 1,and 60% in phase 2.This performance is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) matching 
B) undermatching 
C) overmatching 
D) bias 
A) matching 
B) undermatching 
C) overmatching 
D) bias

Question 11

Pigeons are more likely to choose a more desirable but delayed reinforcer instead of an immediate but less desirable reinforcer if

Accepted Answer

A) both reinforcers are visible during the delay period 
B) stimuli associated with the reinforcers are present during the delay period 
C) some other,irrelevant behavior can be performed during the delay period 
D) all of the above 
A) both reinforcers are visible during the delay period 
B) stimuli associated with the reinforcers are present during the delay period 
C) some other,irrelevant behavior can be performed during the delay period 
D) all of the above

Question 12

In a two-choice situation for pigeons,the left key has a VI schedule that delivers 60 reinforcers per hour,and the right key has a VI schedule that delivers 20 reinforcers per hour.The matching law predicts that a pigeon will make _______ of its responses on the left key.

Accepted Answer

A) 25% 
B) 50% 
C) 75% 
D) 100% 
A) 25% 
B) 50% 
C) 75% 
D) 100%

Question 13

The tragedy of the commons can be averted by

Accepted Answer

A) setting legal limits on how much the community's resources can be used 
B) charging fees for the use of the community's resources 
C) encouraging individuals to consider the long-term consequences of their actions for the community as a whole 
D) all of the above 
A) setting legal limits on how much the community's resources can be used 
B) charging fees for the use of the community's resources 
C) encouraging individuals to consider the long-term consequences of their actions for the community as a whole 
D) all of the above

Question 14

Herrnstein has applied the matching law to situations where a subject responds on VI schedules of different sizes,but only one schedule is presented at a time.He assumed that if the reinforcement for extraneous behaviors is increased

Accepted Answer

A) the subject's maximum possible response rate does not change 
B) response rate on the VI schedule should decrease 
C) both a and b 
D) neither a nor b 
A) the subject's maximum possible response rate does not change 
B) response rate on the VI schedule should decrease 
C) both a and b 
D) neither a nor b

Question 15

An individual must make a choice between a small reinforcer and a larger but more delayed reinforcer.If the individual is forced to make a commitment well in advance of when the options will be delivered,the individual will be

Accepted Answer

A) more unpredictable 
B) more likely to choose the small reinforcer 
C) more likely to choose the large reinforcer 
D) none of the above 
A) more unpredictable 
B) more likely to choose the small reinforcer 
C) more likely to choose the large reinforcer 
D) none of the above

Question 16

According to melioration theory,if presented with concurrent VR 20 and VR 60 schedules,what percentage of a subject's responses will be made on the VR 20 schedule-

Accepted Answer

A) 100% 
B) 75% 
C) 0% 
D) either a or c 
A) 100% 
B) 75% 
C) 0% 
D) either a or c

Question 17

Cases in which people choose a small immediate reinforcer instead of a larger delay reinforcer can be viewed as evidence

Accepted Answer

A) against optimization theory 
B) against momentary maximizing theory 
C) against the Ainslie-Rachlin theory 
D) supporting optimization theory 
A) against optimization theory 
B) against momentary maximizing theory 
C) against the Ainslie-Rachlin theory 
D) supporting optimization theory

Question 18

According to the matching law,if presented with concurrent VR 20 and VR 60 schedules,what percentage of a subject's responses will be made on the VR 20 schedule-

Accepted Answer

A) 100% 
B) 75% 
C) 0% 
D) either a or c 
A) 100% 
B) 75% 
C) 0% 
D) either a or c

Question 19

In phase 1 of a choice experiment involving concurrent VI schedules,a human subject receives 25% of his reinforcers by making a left response.In phase 2,he receives 75% of his reinforcers by making a left response.The subject's percentage of left responses is 35% in phase 1,and 95% in phase 2.This performance is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) matching 
B) undermatching 
C) overmatching 
D) bias 
A) matching 
B) undermatching 
C) overmatching 
D) bias

Question 20

In a concurrent VI VI situation,a subject has just switched from the poorer VI to the better VI.Momentary maximizing theory predicts that as time passes,the likelihood of a switch back to the other VI

Accepted Answer

A) will increase 
B) will decrease 
C) will remain constant 
D) will first increase then decrease 
A) will increase 
B) will decrease 
C) will remain constant 
D) will first increase then decrease

According to Caraco's theory about risk taking,animals are

Experiments have shown that in situations where optimization theory predicts one behavior and the matching law predicts another,

A strategy not advisable for a person who wants to stop spending money impulsively is

The tragedy of the commons arises in situations where

A self-control choice is a choice between a _ reinforcer and a _ reinforcer.

A pigeon responds on a concurrent VI 60-second VI 60-second schedule.If this animal's behavior roughly follows the matching law,it will probably receive

According to momentary maximization theory,in a concurrent VI VI situation,a subject will

A strategy not advisable for a person who wants to lose weight is

Studies with animals have shown that in a self-control situation,the use of a precommitment procedure is more effective in increasing the number of large-reinforcer choices if

Pigeons are more likely to choose a more desirable but delayed reinforcer instead of an immediate but less desirable reinforcer if

In a two-choice situation for pigeons,the left key has a VI schedule that delivers 60 reinforcers per hour,and the right key has a VI schedule that delivers 20 reinforcers per hour.The matching law predicts that a pigeon will make _______ of its responses on the left key.

The tragedy of the commons can be averted by

Herrnstein has applied the matching law to situations where a subject responds on VI schedules of different sizes,but only one schedule is presented at a time.He assumed that if the reinforcement for extraneous behaviors is increased

An individual must make a choice between a small reinforcer and a larger but more delayed reinforcer.If the individual is forced to make a commitment well in advance of when the options will be delivered,the individual will be

According to melioration theory,if presented with concurrent VR 20 and VR 60 schedules,what percentage of a subject's responses will be made on the VR 20 schedule-

Cases in which people choose a small immediate reinforcer instead of a larger delay reinforcer can be viewed as evidence

According to the matching law,if presented with concurrent VR 20 and VR 60 schedules,what percentage of a subject's responses will be made on the VR 20 schedule-

In a concurrent VI VI situation,a subject has just switched from the poorer VI to the better VI.Momentary maximizing theory predicts that as time passes,the likelihood of a switch back to the other VI

History, background, and Basic Concepts

Innate Behavior Patterns and Habituation

Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning

Theories and Research on Classical Conditioning

Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement Schedules: Experimental Analyses and Applications

Avoidance and Punishment

Theories and Research on Operant Conditioning

Stimulus Control and Concept Learning

Comparative Cognition

Learning by Observation

Learning Motor Skills

Filters

Exam 13: Choice

According to Caraco's theory about risk taking,animals are

Experiments have shown that in situations where optimization theory predicts one behavior and the matching law predicts another,

A strategy not advisable for a person who wants to stop spending money impulsively is

The tragedy of the commons arises in situations where

A self-control choice is a choice between a _______ reinforcer and a _______ reinforcer.

A pigeon responds on a concurrent VI 60-second VI 60-second schedule.If this animal's behavior roughly follows the matching law,it will probably receive

According to momentary maximization theory,in a concurrent VI VI situation,a subject will

A strategy not advisable for a person who wants to lose weight is

Studies with animals have shown that in a self-control situation,the use of a precommitment procedure is more effective in increasing the number of large-reinforcer choices if

Pigeons are more likely to choose a more desirable but delayed reinforcer instead of an immediate but less desirable reinforcer if

In a two-choice situation for pigeons,the left key has a VI schedule that delivers 60 reinforcers per hour,and the right key has a VI schedule that delivers 20 reinforcers per hour.The matching law predicts that a pigeon will make _______ of its responses on the left key.

The tragedy of the commons can be averted by

Herrnstein has applied the matching law to situations where a subject responds on VI schedules of different sizes,but only one schedule is presented at a time.He assumed that if the reinforcement for extraneous behaviors is increased

An individual must make a choice between a small reinforcer and a larger but more delayed reinforcer.If the individual is forced to make a commitment well in advance of when the options will be delivered,the individual will be

According to melioration theory,if presented with concurrent VR 20 and VR 60 schedules,what percentage of a subject's responses will be made on the VR 20 schedule-

Cases in which people choose a small immediate reinforcer instead of a larger delay reinforcer can be viewed as evidence

According to the matching law,if presented with concurrent VR 20 and VR 60 schedules,what percentage of a subject's responses will be made on the VR 20 schedule-

In a concurrent VI VI situation,a subject has just switched from the poorer VI to the better VI.Momentary maximizing theory predicts that as time passes,the likelihood of a switch back to the other VI

History, background, and Basic Concepts

Innate Behavior Patterns and Habituation

Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning

Theories and Research on Classical Conditioning

Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement Schedules: Experimental Analyses and Applications

Avoidance and Punishment

Theories and Research on Operant Conditioning

Stimulus Control and Concept Learning

Comparative Cognition

Learning by Observation

Learning Motor Skills

Filters

A self-control choice is a choice between a _ reinforcer and a _ reinforcer.