Question 1

Guillain-Barré syndrome:

Accepted Answer

A) Involves demyelination of peripheral axons. 
B) Results from an autoimmune attack on Schwann cells. 
C) May affect cranial nerves controlling the muscles involved in swallowing,breathing,and facial expression. 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C 
A) Involves demyelination of peripheral axons. 
B) Results from an autoimmune attack on Schwann cells. 
C) May affect cranial nerves controlling the muscles involved in swallowing,breathing,and facial expression. 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C E

Question 2

Which of the following change the electrical potential across the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

A) Activation and opening of ligand-gated K⁺ channels. 
B) Activation and opening of modality-gated Na⁺ channels. 
C) Activation and opening of voltage-gated Cl- channels. 
D) Leak channels,which allow continuous diffusion of small ions. 
E) All of the above 
A) Activation and opening of ligand-gated K⁺ channels. 
B) Activation and opening of modality-gated Na⁺ channels. 
C) Activation and opening of voltage-gated Cl- channels. 
D) Leak channels,which allow continuous diffusion of small ions. 
E) All of the above E

Question 3

Afferent neurons convey information:

Accepted Answer

A) Between interneurons. 
B) From the CNS to skeletal muscles. 
C) From peripheral receptors to the CNS. 
D) Between the soma and presynaptic terminal. 
E) From the CNS to smooth muscles. 
A) Between interneurons. 
B) From the CNS to skeletal muscles. 
C) From peripheral receptors to the CNS. 
D) Between the soma and presynaptic terminal. 
E) From the CNS to smooth muscles. C

Question 4

Demyelination of an axon:

Accepted Answer

A) Results in decreased membrane resistance,allowing a leakage of electrical current. 
B) Results in slowed propagation of action potentials. 
C) May prevent propagation of action potentials. 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C 
A) Results in decreased membrane resistance,allowing a leakage of electrical current. 
B) Results in slowed propagation of action potentials. 
C) May prevent propagation of action potentials. 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C

Question 5

Peripheral demyelination:

Accepted Answer

A) Typically affects small diameter axons before large diameter axons. 
B) Is a characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis. 
C) Affects the structure of oligodendrocytes. 
D) Typically affects the Schwann cells of large,well-myelinated axons. 
E) Typically affects the axon at the ventral root of the spinal cord. 
A) Typically affects small diameter axons before large diameter axons. 
B) Is a characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis. 
C) Affects the structure of oligodendrocytes. 
D) Typically affects the Schwann cells of large,well-myelinated axons. 
E) Typically affects the axon at the ventral root of the spinal cord.

Question 6

Local potentials:

Accepted Answer

A) Are either receptor or synaptic potentials. 
B) Spread passively only a short distance along the cell membrane. 
C) Result from stimulation of sensory receptors or from the binding of a neurotransmitter with chemical receptor sites on a postsynaptic membrane. 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C 
A) Are either receptor or synaptic potentials. 
B) Spread passively only a short distance along the cell membrane. 
C) Result from stimulation of sensory receptors or from the binding of a neurotransmitter with chemical receptor sites on a postsynaptic membrane. 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C

Question 7

The strength of local electrical potentials is modulated and integrated via:

Accepted Answer

A) Spatial summation,the combined effect of potentials generated in other parts of the neuron. 
B) Temporal summation,the combined effect of small potential changes occurring over several milliseconds. 
C) Both A and B 
D) None of the above.A local potential is an all-or-none phenomenon. 
A) Spatial summation,the combined effect of potentials generated in other parts of the neuron. 
B) Temporal summation,the combined effect of small potential changes occurring over several milliseconds. 
C) Both A and B 
D) None of the above.A local potential is an all-or-none phenomenon.

Question 8

Glial cells contribute which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Communication between neurons and blood vessels 
B) Neural cell death 
C) Action potential propagation 
D) Both A and B 
E) All of the above 
A) Communication between neurons and blood vessels 
B) Neural cell death 
C) Action potential propagation 
D) Both A and B 
E) All of the above

Question 9

Propagation of an action potential along an axon is dependent on a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) Complete myelination of the axon by glial cells. 
B) Anterograde diffusion of the electric potential with active generation of new potentials. 
C) Rapid repolarization associated with passive diffusion of Cl-. 
D) Retrograde diffusion of the electrical potential. 
E) Na⁺/K⁺ pump moving sufficient quantities of Na⁺ into of the cell and K⁺ out of the cell. 
A) Complete myelination of the axon by glial cells. 
B) Anterograde diffusion of the electric potential with active generation of new potentials. 
C) Rapid repolarization associated with passive diffusion of Cl-. 
D) Retrograde diffusion of the electrical potential. 
E) Na⁺/K⁺ pump moving sufficient quantities of Na⁺ into of the cell and K⁺ out of the cell.

Question 10

Which of the following is the structural part of a neuron that releases a neurotransmitter?

Accepted Answer

A) Dendrite 
B) Axon hillock 
C) Soma 
D) Presynaptic terminal 
E) Postsynaptic terminal 
A) Dendrite 
B) Axon hillock 
C) Soma 
D) Presynaptic terminal 
E) Postsynaptic terminal

Question 11

Which one of the following is not one of the primary components of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

A) Axon 
B) Soma 
C) Postsynaptic membrane 
D) Dendrite 
A) Axon 
B) Soma 
C) Postsynaptic membrane 
D) Dendrite

Question 12

Pseudounipolar cells:

Accepted Answer

A) Have two dendrites 
B) Have two somas 
C) Are not neurons 
D) Are glial cells 
E) Have two axon extensions 
A) Have two dendrites 
B) Have two somas 
C) Are not neurons 
D) Are glial cells 
E) Have two axon extensions

Question 13

The nodes of Ranvier:

Accepted Answer

A) Are distributed approximately every 1 to 2 millimeters (mm)along the membrane of the cell axon. 
B) Contain a high density of modality-gated K⁺ channels for rapid depolarization of the membrane. 
C) Contain a high density of voltage-gated Na⁺ channels for rapid repolarization of the membrane. 
D) Have low membrane capacitance,preventing the accumulation of electrical charge. 
E) Are heavily myelinated,which allows for rapid diffusion of an electrical potential. 
A) Are distributed approximately every 1 to 2 millimeters (mm)along the membrane of the cell axon. 
B) Contain a high density of modality-gated K⁺ channels for rapid depolarization of the membrane. 
C) Contain a high density of voltage-gated Na⁺ channels for rapid repolarization of the membrane. 
D) Have low membrane capacitance,preventing the accumulation of electrical charge. 
E) Are heavily myelinated,which allows for rapid diffusion of an electrical potential.

Question 14

The resting membrane potential is:

Accepted Answer

A) The same as the membrane equilibrium potential. 
B) The voltage difference across a neuron's cell membrane,maintained by an unequal distribution of one specific ion. 
C) Maintained by active transport of sodium ions (Na⁺)and potassium ions (K⁺)and passive diffusion of Na⁺,K⁺,and chloride ions (Cl-)through the cell membrane. 
D) Typically measured at +70 millivolts (mV)because the intracellular environment is more positively charged than the extracellular environment. 
E) Created by a more negative charge inside the membrane than outside because Na⁺ is continuously moved inside the cell membrane by an active transport pump. 
A) The same as the membrane equilibrium potential. 
B) The voltage difference across a neuron's cell membrane,maintained by an unequal distribution of one specific ion. 
C) Maintained by active transport of sodium ions (Na⁺)and potassium ions (K⁺)and passive diffusion of Na⁺,K⁺,and chloride ions (Cl-)through the cell membrane. 
D) Typically measured at +70 millivolts (mV)because the intracellular environment is more positively charged than the extracellular environment. 
E) Created by a more negative charge inside the membrane than outside because Na⁺ is continuously moved inside the cell membrane by an active transport pump.

Question 15

Depolarization occurs when:

Accepted Answer

A) The membrane potential becomes less negative than the resting membrane potential. 
B) The membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential. 
C) Cl- influx hyperpolarizes the membrane. 
D) The presynaptic terminal of a neuron is inhibited by another neuron. 
E) All membrane channels are closed,preventing the influx of Na⁺. 
A) The membrane potential becomes less negative than the resting membrane potential. 
B) The membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential. 
C) Cl- influx hyperpolarizes the membrane. 
D) The presynaptic terminal of a neuron is inhibited by another neuron. 
E) All membrane channels are closed,preventing the influx of Na⁺.

Question 16

Retrograde transport:

Accepted Answer

A) Recycles substances from the axon back to the soma. 
B) Moves neurotransmitters from the dendrites to the cell body. 
C) Moves substances from the soma toward the axon terminal. 
D) Moves neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft. 
E) Moves information from astrocyte to astrocyte. 
A) Recycles substances from the axon back to the soma. 
B) Moves neurotransmitters from the dendrites to the cell body. 
C) Moves substances from the soma toward the axon terminal. 
D) Moves neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft. 
E) Moves information from astrocyte to astrocyte.

Question 17

Which one of the following is an example of divergence?

Accepted Answer

A) Signals in the neural pathway that leads to contraction of the hip flexor muscles when a painful stimulus is applied to the toe 
B) Integration of taste and smell information in the temporal lobe 
C) Multiple different cells synapsing with a single neuron in the spinal cord 
D) All of the above 
A) Signals in the neural pathway that leads to contraction of the hip flexor muscles when a painful stimulus is applied to the toe 
B) Integration of taste and smell information in the temporal lobe 
C) Multiple different cells synapsing with a single neuron in the spinal cord 
D) All of the above

Question 18

Which one of the following neuron structures is specialized for receiving synaptic input from other neurons?

Accepted Answer

A) Cell body 
B) Dendrite 
C) Axon 
D) Axon hillock 
E) Presynaptic terminal 
A) Cell body 
B) Dendrite 
C) Axon 
D) Axon hillock 
E) Presynaptic terminal

Question 19

Multiple sclerosis:

Accepted Answer

A) Results from an autoimmune attack on oligodendrocytes. 
B) Involves demyelination of axons in the CNS. 
C) Has signs and symptoms associated with both motor and sensory impairment. 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C 
A) Results from an autoimmune attack on oligodendrocytes. 
B) Involves demyelination of axons in the CNS. 
C) Has signs and symptoms associated with both motor and sensory impairment. 
D) Both A and B 
E) A,B,and C

Guillain-Barré syndrome:

Which of the following change the electrical potential across the cell membrane?

Afferent neurons convey information:

Demyelination of an axon:

Peripheral demyelination:

Local potentials:

The strength of local electrical potentials is modulated and integrated via:

Glial cells contribute which of the following?

Propagation of an action potential along an axon is dependent on a(n):

Which of the following is the structural part of a neuron that releases a neurotransmitter?

Which one of the following is not one of the primary components of a neuron?

Pseudounipolar cells:

The nodes of Ranvier:

The resting membrane potential is:

Depolarization occurs when:

Retrograde transport:

Which one of the following is an example of divergence?

Which one of the following neuron structures is specialized for receiving synaptic input from other neurons?

Multiple sclerosis:

Introduction to Neuroscience

Synapses and Synaptic Transmission

Neuroplasticity

Development of the Nervous System

Somatosensory System

Somatosensation: Clinical Application

Neuropathic Pain, pain Matrix Dysfunction, and Pain Syndromes

Autonomic Nervous System

The Motor System: Motor Neurons

Basal Ganglia, cerebellum, and Movement

Peripheral Nervous System

Spinal Region

Cranial Nerves

Brainstem Region

Vestibular and Visual Systems

Cerebrum

Cerebrum: Clinical Applications

Support Systems: Blood Supply and Cerebrospinal Fluid System

Filters

Exam 2: Physical and Electrical Properties of Cells in the Nervous System

Guillain-Barré syndrome:

Which of the following change the electrical potential across the cell membrane?

Afferent neurons convey information:

Demyelination of an axon:

Peripheral demyelination:

Local potentials:

The strength of local electrical potentials is modulated and integrated via:

Glial cells contribute which of the following?

Propagation of an action potential along an axon is dependent on a(n):

Which of the following is the structural part of a neuron that releases a neurotransmitter?

Which one of the following is not one of the primary components of a neuron?

Pseudounipolar cells:

The nodes of Ranvier:

The resting membrane potential is:

Depolarization occurs when:

Retrograde transport:

Which one of the following is an example of divergence?

Which one of the following neuron structures is specialized for receiving synaptic input from other neurons?

Multiple sclerosis:

Introduction to Neuroscience

Synapses and Synaptic Transmission

Neuroplasticity

Development of the Nervous System

Somatosensory System

Somatosensation: Clinical Application

Neuropathic Pain, pain Matrix Dysfunction, and Pain Syndromes

Autonomic Nervous System

The Motor System: Motor Neurons

Basal Ganglia, cerebellum, and Movement

Peripheral Nervous System

Spinal Region

Cranial Nerves

Brainstem Region

Vestibular and Visual Systems

Cerebrum

Cerebrum: Clinical Applications

Support Systems: Blood Supply and Cerebrospinal Fluid System

Filters