Question 1

The difference between a cluster sample and a stratified random sample is:

Accepted Answer

A) cluster samples study all possible clusters; stratified random samples randomly select strata. 
B) cluster samples use oversampling; stratified random samples use undersampling. 
C) cluster samples use randomly selected clusters; stratified random samples use predetermined strata. 
D) There is no difference between cluster samples and stratified random samples. 
A) cluster samples study all possible clusters; stratified random samples randomly select strata. 
B) cluster samples use oversampling; stratified random samples use undersampling. 
C) cluster samples use randomly selected clusters; stratified random samples use predetermined strata. 
D) There is no difference between cluster samples and stratified random samples.

Question 2

A biased sample consists of too many cases.

Accepted Answer

A) basic 
B) ideal 
C) complicated 
D) unusual 
A) basic 
B) ideal 
C) complicated 
D) unusual

Question 3

Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester-Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey.
If all the students in Dr. Kramer's two classes complete the survey, then Dr. Kramer has done which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Decreased the external validity of his study 
B) Collected too much data 
C) Relied on a census 
D) Enhanced sampling bias 
A) Decreased the external validity of his study 
B) Collected too much data 
C) Relied on a census 
D) Enhanced sampling bias

Question 4

For his research methods class project, Hiro is studying the effect of pet ownership on stress levels. Although a lot of research has been done on dog and cat owners, not much is known about other pets, so Hiro decides to study bird owners. Which of the following would demonstrate a purposive sampling technique?

Accepted Answer

A) He contacts the Twitter followers of Dr. Oiseau, a famous biologist who studies birds. 
B) He recruits bird owners by e-mailing members of the National Bird Owners Association and asking for participants. 
C) His participants are all the people who have purchased birds at his local pet store in the past 6 months. 
D) He asks bird owners to give him the names of other bird owners. 
A) He contacts the Twitter followers of Dr. Oiseau, a famous biologist who studies birds. 
B) He recruits bird owners by e-mailing members of the National Bird Owners Association and asking for participants. 
C) His participants are all the people who have purchased birds at his local pet store in the past 6 months. 
D) He asks bird owners to give him the names of other bird owners.

Question 5

Explain the two reasons nonrandom samples are sometimes acceptable.

Accepted Answer

Nonrandom samples are okay when: (a)the

Question 6

If researchers measure every member of a population, they have:

Accepted Answer

A) conducted a census. 
B) collected a sample. 
C) increased internal validity. 
D) biased the study. 
A) conducted a census. 
B) collected a sample. 
C) increased internal validity. 
D) biased the study.

Question 7

Research articles that use terms such as "unbiased sample," "random samples," or "representative sample" allow for readers to .

Accepted Answer

A) skip interrogating statistical validity 
B) make a frequency claim 
C) reject the conclusions made by the researcher(s) 
D) be confident in a study's external validity 
A) skip interrogating statistical validity 
B) make a frequency claim 
C) reject the conclusions made by the researcher(s) 
D) be confident in a study's external validity

Question 8

In which of the following cases would a large sample especially be needed?

Accepted Answer

A) A study of high school students 
B) A study of first-time homeowners 
C) A study of people who have been to the doctor in the past year 
D) A study of teenagers whose parents are both deployed overseas in the military 
A) A study of high school students 
B) A study of first-time homeowners 
C) A study of people who have been to the doctor in the past year 
D) A study of teenagers whose parents are both deployed overseas in the military

Question 9

Dr. Parrett is a sports psychologist for a large Southern university. The provost and chancellor have asked him to examine the relationship between athletic performance and academic stress at the university. For example, is it the case that the most talented athletes experience the greatest concern over their grades? The provost and chancellor have made it clear to Dr. Parrett that they want a large amount of external validity in the study. He has valid and reliable measures of both athletic performance and academic stress. He knows that he does not have the time or the money to study the entire population of interest.
Describe the three sampling problems that could lead to a biased sample for Dr. Parrett.

Accepted Answer

The three problems include: (a)sampling

Question 10

Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester-Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey.
43 of 50 Introduction to Neuroscience students and 46 of 48 Psychology and Law students complete the survey. Based on this information, which of the following can Dr. Kramer say?

Accepted Answer

A) His sample is larger than his population. 
B) His sample is representative. 
C) His sample is biased. 
D) His sample came from his population of interest. 
A) His sample is larger than his population. 
B) His sample is representative. 
C) His sample is biased. 
D) His sample came from his population of interest.

Question 11

Studies that use nonprobability samples have external validity.

Accepted Answer

A) zero 
B) unknown 
C) guaranteed 
D) enhanced 
A) zero 
B) unknown 
C) guaranteed 
D) enhanced

Question 12

Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester-Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey.
Dr) Kramer could reasonably use his sample to say something about which of the following populations of interest?

Accepted Answer

A) Students enrolled at the university 
B) Students who are political science majors 
C) Students who have taken a class with Dr. Kramer 
D) Students currently taking a psychology class 
A) Students enrolled at the university 
B) Students who are political science majors 
C) Students who have taken a class with Dr. Kramer 
D) Students currently taking a psychology class

Question 13

Convenience sampling relies on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Studying people who are easy to find 
B) Studying people who are willing to participate 
C) Studying people who are typical 
D) Studying people who are colleagues of the researcher 
A) Studying people who are easy to find 
B) Studying people who are willing to participate 
C) Studying people who are typical 
D) Studying people who are colleagues of the researcher

Question 14

Dr. Parrett is a sports psychologist for a large Southern university. The provost and chancellor have asked him to examine the relationship between athletic performance and academic stress at the university. For example, is it the case that the most talented athletes experience the greatest concern over their grades? The provost and chancellor have made it clear to Dr. Parrett that they want a large amount of external validity in the study. He has valid and reliable measures of both athletic performance and academic stress. He knows that he does not have the time or the money to study the entire population of interest.
What is the population of interest in Dr. Parrett's study? Will he be collecting a sample or conducting a census? Why does he need to be concerned with external validity/representativeness?

Accepted Answer

Dr.Parrett's population is all athletes

Question 15

What do purposive, convenience, quota, and snowball sampling have in common?

Accepted Answer

A) They are considered ethical sampling options. 
B) They are all probability sampling techniques. 
C) They produce large samples. 
D) They result in samples where some people are systematically left out. 
A) They are considered ethical sampling options. 
B) They are all probability sampling techniques. 
C) They produce large samples. 
D) They result in samples where some people are systematically left out.

Question 16

Which of the following is true of a nonrepresentative sample in a research claim?

Accepted Answer

A) You should automatically disregard the claim. 
B) You should automatically accept the claim. 
C) You should ask whether it is relevant to what the researchers are measuring. 
D) You should ask whether more participants are necessary. 
A) You should automatically disregard the claim. 
B) You should automatically accept the claim. 
C) You should ask whether it is relevant to what the researchers are measuring. 
D) You should ask whether more participants are necessary.

Question 17

Which of the following is true of probability sampling?

Accepted Answer

A) It is the best way to obtain a representative sample. 
B) It is the same as random assignment. 
C) It results in larger samples than nonprobability sampling. 
D) It should only be used when external validity is not the goal of the study. 
A) It is the best way to obtain a representative sample. 
B) It is the same as random assignment. 
C) It results in larger samples than nonprobability sampling. 
D) It should only be used when external validity is not the goal of the study.

Question 18

Dr. Dowling is a clinical psychologist who is interested in the link between mental illness and criminal activity. She gets IRB permission to study patients at all five inpatient/residential mental health facilities in her state. There are 4,307 patients currently living in these facilities. She asks patients whether they have ever been arrested for a crime and whether they have ever been convicted of a crime. She collects a sample size of 1,369. She finds that 27% (+/− 3%) report having been arrested for a crime but that only 13% (+/− 3%) have been convicted of a crime.
Indicate Dr. Dowling's population size, sample size, and population estimate for the two variables along with their margins of error.

Accepted Answer

Population size: 4,307
Sample

Question 19

Oversampling is a variant used in which of the following sampling techniques?

Accepted Answer

A) Simple random sampling 
B) Cluster sampling 
C) Convenience sampling 
D) Stratified random sampling 
A) Simple random sampling 
B) Cluster sampling 
C) Convenience sampling 
D) Stratified random sampling

Question 20

Dr. Chandler is a personality psychologist who is interested in studying the characteristics of people who report being abducted by UFOs. She finds several people in an online support group for UFO abductees to participate and asks them if they can provide the names and contact information of other people who have also been abducted. Upon contacting these new participants, she asks them to refer her to even more people they may know who have been abducted. This is an example of what kind of sampling?

Accepted Answer

A) Purposive sampling 
B) Snowball sampling 
C) Convenience sampling 
D) Self-selection sampling 
A) Purposive sampling 
B) Snowball sampling 
C) Convenience sampling 
D) Self-selection sampling

The difference between a cluster sample and a stratified random sample is:

A biased sample consists of too many cases.

Explain the two reasons nonrandom samples are sometimes acceptable.

If researchers measure every member of a population, they have:

Research articles that use terms such as "unbiased sample," "random samples," or "representative sample" allow for readers to .

In which of the following cases would a large sample especially be needed?

Studies that use nonprobability samples have external validity.

Convenience sampling relies on which of the following?

What do purposive, convenience, quota, and snowball sampling have in common?

Which of the following is true of a nonrepresentative sample in a research claim?

Which of the following is true of probability sampling?

Oversampling is a variant used in which of the following sampling techniques?

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Why Research Is Best and How to Find It

Three Claims, Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do

Bivariate Correlational Research

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replication, Generalization, and the Real World

Filters

Exam 7: Sampling: Estimating the Frequency of Behaviors and Beliefs

The difference between a cluster sample and a stratified random sample is:

A biased sample consists of too many cases.

Explain the two reasons nonrandom samples are sometimes acceptable.

If researchers measure every member of a population, they have:

Research articles that use terms such as "unbiased sample," "random samples," or "representative sample" allow for readers to .

In which of the following cases would a large sample especially be needed?

Studies that use nonprobability samples have external validity.

Convenience sampling relies on which of the following?

What do purposive, convenience, quota, and snowball sampling have in common?

Which of the following is true of a nonrepresentative sample in a research claim?

Which of the following is true of probability sampling?

Oversampling is a variant used in which of the following sampling techniques?

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Why Research Is Best and How to Find It

Three Claims, Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do

Bivariate Correlational Research

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replication, Generalization, and the Real World

Filters