Question 1

Which of the following is true of the relationship between effect size and statistical significance?

Accepted Answer

A) Larger effect sizes are advantageous for statistical significance. 
B) Statistical significance alone is sufficient to indicate effect size. 
C) An association's effect size has no effect on statistical significance. 
D) Effect size and statistical significance are synonymous terms. 
A) Larger effect sizes are advantageous for statistical significance. 
B) Statistical significance alone is sufficient to indicate effect size. 
C) An association's effect size has no effect on statistical significance. 
D) Effect size and statistical significance are synonymous terms. A

Question 2

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
Examining Dr. Moynihan's study and using the three criteria of causation, why can she not say that the number of panic attacks in the past month causes one to have fewer nightmares in the same month?

Accepted Answer

Dr.Moynihan is unable to establish two of the three criteria.She can establish criterion 1- the two variables do covary.She cannot establish temporal precedence,as both variables were measured in the past month (so they are co-occurring).She also cannot establish internal validity because (a)neither variable was manipulated and (b)a third variable could be causing both variables.

Question 3

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?

Accepted Answer

A) When the sample is very large 
B) When the study has life-or-death implications 
C) When the finding is also statistically significant 
D) When external validity is high 
A) When the sample is very large 
B) When the study has life-or-death implications 
C) When the finding is also statistically significant 
D) When external validity is high B

Question 4

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?

Accepted Answer

A) Curvilinear relationships require a large amount of scores. 
B) r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data. 
C) r always assumes a zero association. 
D) r always assumes a negative relationship. 
A) Curvilinear relationships require a large amount of scores. 
B) r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data. 
C) r always assumes a zero association. 
D) r always assumes a negative relationship.

Question 5

Which of the following questions is NOT necessary to ask when interrogating statistical validity?

Accepted Answer

A) What is the effect size? 
B) Are there subgroups? 
C) Is random assignment affecting the findings? 
D) Could outliers be affecting the relationship? 
A) What is the effect size? 
B) Are there subgroups? 
C) Is random assignment affecting the findings? 
D) Could outliers be affecting the relationship?

Question 6

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
Of the three findings in Dr. Moynihan's study, which finding has the largest effect size? Name two things that having a large effect size means.

Accepted Answer

The finding that has the largest effect

Question 7

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
Draw a scatterplot for the three associations found by Dr. Moynihan.

Accepted Answer

Students should draw three scatterplots.

Question 8

If a person is asking whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, is being interrogated.

Accepted Answer

A) construct validity 
B) external validity 
C) internal validity 
D) statistical validity 
A) construct validity 
B) external validity 
C) internal validity 
D) statistical validity

Question 9

Which of the following is true of statistical significance testing?

Accepted Answer

A) It is necessary for establishing internal validity. 
B) It can lead to an incorrect conclusion about the population. 
C) It involves testing effect sizes. 
D) It is only done when you have two quantitative variables. 
A) It is necessary for establishing internal validity. 
B) It can lead to an incorrect conclusion about the population. 
C) It involves testing effect sizes. 
D) It is only done when you have two quantitative variables.

Question 10

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
•Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01)
•Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
•Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Dr) Guidry has decided to examine one of her relationships with a scatterplot to double-check for a curvilinear relationship. Which relationship will be most important for her to examine?

Accepted Answer

A) Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress 
B) Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress 
C) Number of friends one has and life satisfaction 
D) Life satisfaction, experiences of daily stress, and number of friends one has simultaneously 
A) Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress 
B) Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress 
C) Number of friends one has and life satisfaction 
D) Life satisfaction, experiences of daily stress, and number of friends one has simultaneously

Question 11

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
•Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01)
•Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
•Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
The "not sig." in Dr. Guidry's findings indicates all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) It is likely that the association between number of friends one has and experience of daily stress is from a zero association population. 
B) Effect size could not be calculated. 
C) There is not a statistically significant association between the two variables. 
D) She cannot reliably predict a study participant's experience of daily stress from the participant's number of friends. 
A) It is likely that the association between number of friends one has and experience of daily stress is from a zero association population. 
B) Effect size could not be calculated. 
C) There is not a statistically significant association between the two variables. 
D) She cannot reliably predict a study participant's experience of daily stress from the participant's number of friends.

Question 12

What are the five questions that consumers of research should ask to evaluate the statistical validity of an association claim?

Accepted Answer

1.What is the effect size?
2.I

Question 13

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
•Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01)
•Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
•Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Dr) Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Dr. Guidry should probably consider these scores .

Accepted Answer

A) random 
B) moderators 
C) outliers 
D) curvilinear scores 
A) random 
B) moderators 
C) outliers 
D) curvilinear scores

Question 14

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
•Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01)
•Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
•Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Matt, Dr. Guidry's research assistant, is discussing the findings of the study with some other students. He claims that the experience of more daily stress causes people to have lower life satisfaction. Which of the following causal criteria did Matt meet?

Accepted Answer

A) The covariance of cause and effect 
B) Temporal precedence 
C) Internal validity 
D) External validity 
A) The covariance of cause and effect 
B) Temporal precedence 
C) Internal validity 
D) External validity

Question 15

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
How strong is the external validity of Dr. Moynihan's study? How does the fact that she finds no differences in the associations in men and women also speak to the study's external validity?

Accepted Answer

In each response,students should questio

Question 16

Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable?

Accepted Answer

A) A scatterplot 
B) A line graph 
C) A bar graph 
D) A pie chart 
A) A scatterplot 
B) A line graph 
C) A bar graph 
D) A pie chart

Question 17

While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made?

Accepted Answer

A) The presence of a scatterplot or bar graph 
B) The measurement of two variables 
C) The use of a correlation coefficient 
D) The interrogation of internal validity 
A) The presence of a scatterplot or bar graph 
B) The measurement of two variables 
C) The use of a correlation coefficient 
D) The interrogation of internal validity

Question 18

All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes. 
B) They can affect the direction of an association. 
C) They can affect the strength of an association. 
D) They are especially problematic when there are outliers on both variables. 
A) They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes. 
B) They can affect the direction of an association. 
C) They can affect the strength of an association. 
D) They are especially problematic when there are outliers on both variables.

Question 19

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
•Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01)
•Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
•Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Dr) Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A) These scores may have strengthened the correlation between these two variables. 
B) These scores are more likely to have an effect because of the large sample size. 
C) These scores are more likely to have an effect because they are extreme on both variables. 
D) These scores may be considered outliers. 
A) These scores may have strengthened the correlation between these two variables. 
B) These scores are more likely to have an effect because of the large sample size. 
C) These scores are more likely to have an effect because they are extreme on both variables. 
D) These scores may be considered outliers.

Question 20

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
What is an outlier? What aspect of Dr. Moynihan's study makes her findings especially susceptible to outliers? Why is this a problem?

Accepted Answer

Outliers are extreme scores.Dr.Moynihan

Which of the following is true of the relationship between effect size and statistical significance?

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?

Which of the following questions is NOT necessary to ask when interrogating statistical validity?

If a person is asking whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, is being interrogated.

Which of the following is true of statistical significance testing?

What are the five questions that consumers of research should ask to evaluate the statistical validity of an association claim?

Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable?

While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made?

All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT:

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Why Research Is Best and How to Find It

Three Claims, Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do

Sampling: Estimating the Frequency of Behaviors and Beliefs

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replication, Generalization, and the Real World

Filters

Exam 8: Bivariate Correlational Research

Which of the following is true of the relationship between effect size and statistical significance?

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?

Which of the following questions is NOT necessary to ask when interrogating statistical validity?

If a person is asking whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, is being interrogated.

Which of the following is true of statistical significance testing?

What are the five questions that consumers of research should ask to evaluate the statistical validity of an association claim?

Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable?

While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made?

All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT:

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Why Research Is Best and How to Find It

Three Claims, Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do

Sampling: Estimating the Frequency of Behaviors and Beliefs

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replication, Generalization, and the Real World

Filters