Question 1

A newborn exhibits severe cyanotic symptoms in the abdomen,pelvis,and lower limbs but not in head and neck or upper limbs.What is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

A)  This child has a preductal coarctation of the aorta. 
B)  This child has a postductal coarctation of the aorta. 
C)  This child has a patent ductus arteriosus. 
D)  This child has transposition of the great vessels. 
A)  This child has a preductal coarctation of the aorta. 
B)  This child has a postductal coarctation of the aorta. 
C)  This child has a patent ductus arteriosus. 
D)  This child has transposition of the great vessels. A

Question 2

A 1-year-old boy has left ventricular hypertrophy and early signs of congestive heart failure.Examination reveals the presence of a murmur,and upon questioning of the mother,you find that during her first trimester she had a rubella infection.What is your initial diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ventricular septal defect 
B)  Postductal coarctation 
C)  Persistent truncus arteriosus 
D)  Persistent (patent) ductus arteriosus 
A)  Ventricular septal defect 
B)  Postductal coarctation 
C)  Persistent truncus arteriosus 
D)  Persistent (patent) ductus arteriosus D

Question 3

In the embryo,blood is channeled from the left umbilical vein into the right hepatocardiac channel.What is the name of the remnant of this left-to-right channel?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ligamentum teres 
B)  Ligamentum venosum 
C)  Ligamentum arteriosum 
D)  Supracardinal vein 
E)  Oblique vein 
A)  Ligamentum teres 
B)  Ligamentum venosum 
C)  Ligamentum arteriosum 
D)  Supracardinal vein 
E)  Oblique vein A

Question 4

What might cause hypervascularity (increase blood vessel density)of an area of the skin?

Accepted Answer

A)  Overexpression of Vegf in the region 
B)  Loss of Tie1 expression in the region 
C)  Loss of expression of HIFα in the region 
D)  Increase in Prox1 expression in the region 
E)  An abnormal increase in the release of stem cell factor in the region 
A)  Overexpression of Vegf in the region 
B)  Loss of Tie1 expression in the region 
C)  Loss of expression of HIFα in the region 
D)  Increase in Prox1 expression in the region 
E)  An abnormal increase in the release of stem cell factor in the region

Question 5

A patient needs a pacemaker,and the cardiologist plans to run the pacemaker electrode into the right atrium via the left subclavian vein.As the cardiologist monitors the placement of the catheter using angiography,he discovers that the catheter will not enter the superior vena cava.Rather,it enters the coronary sinus and then the right atrium.How is this possible?

Accepted Answer

A)  Right supracardinal venous system did not regress during development. 
B)  Patient has a left superior vena cava. 
C)  Patient has a patent foramen ovale. 
D)  Ligamentum venosum failed to close. 
E)  Patient has a patent ductus arteriosus. 
A)  Right supracardinal venous system did not regress during development. 
B)  Patient has a left superior vena cava. 
C)  Patient has a patent foramen ovale. 
D)  Ligamentum venosum failed to close. 
E)  Patient has a patent ductus arteriosus.

Question 6

In the fetus,oxygenated blood coming from the placenta mixes with fetal systemic blood in all of the following places EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Between the junction of the ductus venosum and inferior vena cava 
B)  Within the right atrium 
C)  Within the ductus arteriosus 
D)  In the left atrium 
E)  At the junction between the dorsal aorta and umbilical artery 
A)  Between the junction of the ductus venosum and inferior vena cava 
B)  Within the right atrium 
C)  Within the ductus arteriosus 
D)  In the left atrium 
E)  At the junction between the dorsal aorta and umbilical artery

Question 7

What is the source of the cells that colonize the liver and engender the liver with the capacity to make myeloid and lymphoid progenitors?

Accepted Answer

A)  Extraembryonic yolk sac mesoderm 
B)  Intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm 
C)  Cells associated with the dorsal aorta in the aortic, gonad, and mesonephros region 
D)  Endoderm of the thymic primordia 
A)  Extraembryonic yolk sac mesoderm 
B)  Intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm 
C)  Cells associated with the dorsal aorta in the aortic, gonad, and mesonephros region 
D)  Endoderm of the thymic primordia

Question 8

In the gross anatomy lab,you find that your cadaver has an extremely large left internal thoracic artery and large intercostal arteries as well.What possible congenital anomaly might you find in this cadaver that could explain this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Presence of a double aortic arch 
B)  Abnormal origin of the subclavian artery 
C)  Presence of a postductal coarctation of the aorta 
D)  Presence of a preductal coarctation of the aorta 
E)  Interrupted aortic arch 
A)  Presence of a double aortic arch 
B)  Abnormal origin of the subclavian artery 
C)  Presence of a postductal coarctation of the aorta 
D)  Presence of a preductal coarctation of the aorta 
E)  Interrupted aortic arch

Question 9

What embryonic structure(s)form the right subclavian artery?

Accepted Answer

A)  Aortic arch 3 and dorsal aorta 
B)  Only the seventh intersegmental artery 
C)  Aortic arch 6 and dorsal aorta 
D)  Aortic arch 4, dorsal aorta, and seventh intersegmental artery 
E)  Aortic arch 3 and the seventh intersegmental artery 
A)  Aortic arch 3 and dorsal aorta 
B)  Only the seventh intersegmental artery 
C)  Aortic arch 6 and dorsal aorta 
D)  Aortic arch 4, dorsal aorta, and seventh intersegmental artery 
E)  Aortic arch 3 and the seventh intersegmental artery

Question 10

Loss-of-function mutations in what gene(s)can cause pharyngeal aortic arch defects?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tbx1 
B)  Fgf8 
C)  Endothelin converting enzyme-1 (Ece1) 
D)  Pitx2c 
E)  All of the above 
A)  Tbx1 
B)  Fgf8 
C)  Endothelin converting enzyme-1 (Ece1) 
D)  Pitx2c 
E)  All of the above

A newborn exhibits severe cyanotic symptoms in the abdomen,pelvis,and lower limbs but not in head and neck or upper limbs.What is the most likely explanation?

A 1-year-old boy has left ventricular hypertrophy and early signs of congestive heart failure.Examination reveals the presence of a murmur,and upon questioning of the mother,you find that during her first trimester she had a rubella infection.What is your initial diagnosis?

In the embryo,blood is channeled from the left umbilical vein into the right hepatocardiac channel.What is the name of the remnant of this left-to-right channel?

What might cause hypervascularity (increase blood vessel density)of an area of the skin?

In the fetus,oxygenated blood coming from the placenta mixes with fetal systemic blood in all of the following places EXCEPT:

What is the source of the cells that colonize the liver and engender the liver with the capacity to make myeloid and lymphoid progenitors?

In the gross anatomy lab,you find that your cadaver has an extremely large left internal thoracic artery and large intercostal arteries as well.What possible congenital anomaly might you find in this cadaver that could explain this?

What embryonic structure(s)form the right subclavian artery?

Loss-of-function mutations in what gene(s)can cause pharyngeal aortic arch defects?

Introduction

Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and First Week

Second Week: Becoming Bilaminar and Fully Implanting

Third Week: Becoming Trilaminar and Establishing Body Axes

Fourth Week: Forming the Embryo

Principles and Mechanisms of Morphogenesis and Dysmorphogenesis

Fetal Development and the Fetus As a Patient

Development of the Skin and Its Derivatives

Development of the Musculoskeletal System

Development of the Central Nervous System

Development of the Peripheral Nervous System

Development of the Respiratory System and Body Cavities

Development of the Heart

Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Development of the Urinary System

Development of the Reproductive System

Development of the Pharyngeal Apparatus and Face

Development of the Ears

Development of the Eyes

Development of the Limbs

Filters

Exam 14: Development of the Vasculature

A newborn exhibits severe cyanotic symptoms in the abdomen,pelvis,and lower limbs but not in head and neck or upper limbs.What is the most likely explanation?

A 1-year-old boy has left ventricular hypertrophy and early signs of congestive heart failure.Examination reveals the presence of a murmur,and upon questioning of the mother,you find that during her first trimester she had a rubella infection.What is your initial diagnosis?

In the embryo,blood is channeled from the left umbilical vein into the right hepatocardiac channel.What is the name of the remnant of this left-to-right channel?

What might cause hypervascularity (increase blood vessel density)of an area of the skin?

In the fetus,oxygenated blood coming from the placenta mixes with fetal systemic blood in all of the following places EXCEPT:

What is the source of the cells that colonize the liver and engender the liver with the capacity to make myeloid and lymphoid progenitors?

In the gross anatomy lab,you find that your cadaver has an extremely large left internal thoracic artery and large intercostal arteries as well.What possible congenital anomaly might you find in this cadaver that could explain this?

What embryonic structure(s)form the right subclavian artery?

Loss-of-function mutations in what gene(s)can cause pharyngeal aortic arch defects?

Introduction

Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and First Week

Second Week: Becoming Bilaminar and Fully Implanting

Third Week: Becoming Trilaminar and Establishing Body Axes

Fourth Week: Forming the Embryo

Principles and Mechanisms of Morphogenesis and Dysmorphogenesis

Fetal Development and the Fetus As a Patient

Development of the Skin and Its Derivatives

Development of the Musculoskeletal System

Development of the Central Nervous System

Development of the Peripheral Nervous System

Development of the Respiratory System and Body Cavities

Development of the Heart

Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Development of the Urinary System

Development of the Reproductive System

Development of the Pharyngeal Apparatus and Face

Development of the Ears

Development of the Eyes

Development of the Limbs

Filters