Question 1

What has been demonstrated in research on children and adults who are learning a second language?

Accepted Answer

A) Adults are more successful than young children in learning the second language. 
B) Young children are more successful than adults in learning the second language. 
C) Young children and adults are equally successful in learning the second language. 
D) Young girls and adult men are more successful than young boys and adult women in learning the second language. 
A) Adults are more successful than young children in learning the second language. 
B) Young children are more successful than adults in learning the second language. 
C) Young children and adults are equally successful in learning the second language. 
D) Young girls and adult men are more successful than young boys and adult women in learning the second language.

Question 2

According to cognitive psychologists, what is problem solving?

Accepted Answer

A) It is the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect solutions. 
B) It refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable. 
C) It involves making choices under conditions of uncertainty. 
D) It involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them. 
A) It is the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect solutions. 
B) It refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable. 
C) It involves making choices under conditions of uncertainty. 
D) It involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them.

Question 3

Tasha is deciding whether to buy Car A or Car B. She knows three people who have the same model as Car A. Two of them don't like the car and the third friend loves it. Tasha decides to not buy Car A because 2/3 of her friends don't like the car. According to your text, what is Tasha relying on?

Accepted Answer

A) the gambler's fallacy 
B) overestimating the improbable 
C) her belief in the law of small numbers 
D) confirmation bias 
A) the gambler's fallacy 
B) overestimating the improbable 
C) her belief in the law of small numbers 
D) confirmation bias

Question 4

Todd is outgoing, charming, creative, and has a beautiful singing voice. If you were asked to guess what Todd does for a living, and you used the availability heuristic and the conjunction fallacy as you generated your answer, which of the following would you suggest?

Accepted Answer

A) Todd is a musician who also works in public relations. 
B) Todd is a musician. 
C) Todd is an accountant. 
D) Todd is an accountant who also watches Canadian Idol. 
A) Todd is a musician who also works in public relations. 
B) Todd is a musician. 
C) Todd is an accountant. 
D) Todd is an accountant who also watches Canadian Idol.

Question 5

Which of the following provides evidence that receptive and productive vocabularies are different in young children?

Accepted Answer

A) An infant will discriminate among speech sounds from a variety of languages. 
B) An infant will preferentially attend to the speech of caregivers rather than strangers. 
C) A toddler will follow an instruction that uses words that she does not say yet. 
D) A toddler will apply a grammar rule inappropriately. 
A) An infant will discriminate among speech sounds from a variety of languages. 
B) An infant will preferentially attend to the speech of caregivers rather than strangers. 
C) A toddler will follow an instruction that uses words that she does not say yet. 
D) A toddler will apply a grammar rule inappropriately.

Question 6

Which area of language is concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations?

Accepted Answer

A) semantics 
B) grammar 
C) syntax 
D) vocabulary 
A) semantics 
B) grammar 
C) syntax 
D) vocabulary

Question 7

How many phonemes are in the English language?

Accepted Answer

A) 26 
B) 40 
C) 100 
D) 155 
A) 26 
B) 40 
C) 100 
D) 155

Question 8

Which hypothesis is the most likely explanation for why some ideas or concepts are very easily 'lost in translation' between two languages?

Accepted Answer

A) interactionist hypothesis 
B) nativist hypothesis 
C) metalinguistic awareness hypothesis 
D) linguistic relativity hypothesis 
A) interactionist hypothesis 
B) nativist hypothesis 
C) metalinguistic awareness hypothesis 
D) linguistic relativity hypothesis

Question 9

Which of the following is consistent with the effects of framing on decision making?

Accepted Answer

A) People tend to take greater risks when the outcome is described as certain. 
B) When seeking to obtain gains, people are more likely to take risks. 
C) People tend to take greater risks when the outcome is decribed as uncertain. 
D) When seeking to avoid losses, people are more likely to take risks. 
A) People tend to take greater risks when the outcome is described as certain. 
B) When seeking to obtain gains, people are more likely to take risks. 
C) People tend to take greater risks when the outcome is decribed as uncertain. 
D) When seeking to avoid losses, people are more likely to take risks.

Question 10

What is the term for the process by which a child learns a new word after only one exposure to the word?

Accepted Answer

A) overextension 
B) fast mapping 
C) underextension 
D) logical reasoning 
A) overextension 
B) fast mapping 
C) underextension 
D) logical reasoning

Question 11

When is learning of a second language detrimental to the development of a child?

Accepted Answer

A) If a child learns a second language after the age of 6, the second language will cause retroactive interference on use of the first language. 
B) If a child learns two languages that are similar to one another, there will be a great deal of linguistic confusion as the child ages. 
C) Learning of a second language is never detrimental. 
D) If a child from a minority group is educated only in the language of the majority, it may undermine proficiency in the heritage language. 
A) If a child learns a second language after the age of 6, the second language will cause retroactive interference on use of the first language. 
B) If a child learns two languages that are similar to one another, there will be a great deal of linguistic confusion as the child ages. 
C) Learning of a second language is never detrimental. 
D) If a child from a minority group is educated only in the language of the majority, it may undermine proficiency in the heritage language.

Question 12

If Dora is a typical infant, she will first show signs of understanding the meaning of familiar words such as "Dora," "milk," and "Mommy" at approximately what age?

Accepted Answer

A) 8 months 
B) 10 months 
C) 12 months 
D) 14 months 
A) 8 months 
B) 10 months 
C) 12 months 
D) 14 months

Question 13

What is the confirmation bias?

Accepted Answer

A) the tendency to agree with arguments that are presented with a positive emotional valence 
B) the belief that present evidence supports previous evidence even if they are completely unrelated 
C) the tendency to seek only information that is likely to support one's decisions and beliefs 
D) the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently 
A) the tendency to agree with arguments that are presented with a positive emotional valence 
B) the belief that present evidence supports previous evidence even if they are completely unrelated 
C) the tendency to seek only information that is likely to support one's decisions and beliefs 
D) the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently

Question 14

Because one of the main goals of playing the game Scrabble is to use a series of randomly selected letters to form words, Scrabble can best be described as a game that involves which type of problem?

Accepted Answer

A) functional fixedness 
B) transformation 
C) arrangement 
D) inducing structure 
A) functional fixedness 
B) transformation 
C) arrangement 
D) inducing structure

Question 15

Sheila is trying to decide between being a psychology major and being a biology major. As part of her decision, she makes a list of all the courses that she is interested in taking in each discipline. She puts a star next to courses that are particularly appealing. What strategy is Sheila using?

Accepted Answer

A) elimination by aspects strategy 
B) selection by aspects strategy 
C) multiplication strategy 
D) additive strategy 
A) elimination by aspects strategy 
B) selection by aspects strategy 
C) multiplication strategy 
D) additive strategy

Question 16

In a new reality TV show, people from different cultures are put into situations where they must solve a series of problems. On the first day, they receive an instruction booklet that gives them their first problem. They must start a fire in a fire pit, but the wood next to the fire pit is wet. Based on evidence about cultural effects on problem solving, which of the following actions would you expect from a contestant who has a holistic, yet field dependent style?

Accepted Answer

A) looking around the entire environment for dry wood 
B) trying to dry out the wood 
C) burning the instruction booklet instead 
D) repeatedly attempting to light the wood on fire 
A) looking around the entire environment for dry wood 
B) trying to dry out the wood 
C) burning the instruction booklet instead 
D) repeatedly attempting to light the wood on fire

Question 17

Erica points to the bus and calls it a car. What sort of error is this?

Accepted Answer

A) fast mapping 
B) overregularization 
C) underextension 
D) overextension 
A) fast mapping 
B) overregularization 
C) underextension 
D) overextension

Question 18

Which type of culture facilitates a field dependent style?

Accepted Answer

A) societies that are sedentary and depend on agriculture 
B) societies with Western-style education practices 
C) societies that encourage personal autonomy 
D) societies with lenient child-rearing practices 
A) societies that are sedentary and depend on agriculture 
B) societies with Western-style education practices 
C) societies that encourage personal autonomy 
D) societies with lenient child-rearing practices

Question 19

A political party has released a new TV ad that is intended to point out the differences in finance policies between its campaign, and the campaign of the competing party. Which of the following tactics is most likely to be used, if the ad contains semantic slanting?

Accepted Answer

A) clear statements that the two parties have very different views 
B) overly complicated language that is intended to cause confusion 
C) words that are chosen for their emotional impact 
D) statements that are deceptive or contain only partial truth 
A) clear statements that the two parties have very different views 
B) overly complicated language that is intended to cause confusion 
C) words that are chosen for their emotional impact 
D) statements that are deceptive or contain only partial truth

Question 20

Which of the following is a shortcut, or guiding principle, used in solving problems or making decisions?

Accepted Answer

A) a trial 
B) an analogy 
C) a heuristic 
D) an algorithm 
A) a trial 
B) an analogy 
C) a heuristic 
D) an algorithm

Exam 8: B: Language and Thought

What has been demonstrated in research on children and adults who are learning a second language?

According to cognitive psychologists, what is problem solving?

Tasha is deciding whether to buy Car A or Car B. She knows three people who have the same model as Car A. Two of them don't like the car and the third friend loves it. Tasha decides to not buy Car A because 2/3 of her friends don't like the car. According to your text, what is Tasha relying on?

Todd is outgoing, charming, creative, and has a beautiful singing voice. If you were asked to guess what Todd does for a living, and you used the availability heuristic and the conjunction fallacy as you generated your answer, which of the following would you suggest?

Which of the following provides evidence that receptive and productive vocabularies are different in young children?

Which area of language is concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations?

How many phonemes are in the English language?

Which hypothesis is the most likely explanation for why some ideas or concepts are very easily 'lost in translation' between two languages?

Which of the following is consistent with the effects of framing on decision making?

What is the term for the process by which a child learns a new word after only one exposure to the word?

When is learning of a second language detrimental to the development of a child?

If Dora is a typical infant, she will first show signs of understanding the meaning of familiar words such as "Dora," "milk," and "Mommy" at approximately what age?

What is the confirmation bias?

Because one of the main goals of playing the game Scrabble is to use a series of randomly selected letters to form words, Scrabble can best be described as a game that involves which type of problem?

Sheila is trying to decide between being a psychology major and being a biology major. As part of her decision, she makes a list of all the courses that she is interested in taking in each discipline. She puts a star next to courses that are particularly appealing. What strategy is Sheila using?

Erica points to the bus and calls it a car. What sort of error is this?

Which type of culture facilitates a field dependent style?

A political party has released a new TV ad that is intended to point out the differences in finance policies between its campaign, and the campaign of the competing party. Which of the following tactics is most likely to be used, if the ad contains semantic slanting?

Which of the following is a shortcut, or guiding principle, used in solving problems or making decisions?

A: The Evolution of Psychology

B: The Evolution of Psychology

A: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

B: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

A:The Biological Bases of Behaviour

B: The Biological Bases of Behaviour

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

A: Variations in Consciousness

B: Variations in Consciousness

A: Learning

B: Learning

A: Human Memory

B: Human Memory

A: Language and Thought

A: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

B: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

A: Motivation and Emotion

B: Motivation and Emotion

A: Human Development Across the Life Span

B: Human Development Across the Life Span

A: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

B: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

A: Stress, Coping, and Health

B: Stress, Coping, and Health

A: Psychological Disorders

B: Psychological Disorders

A: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

B: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

A: Social Behaviour

B: Social Behaviour

Appendix B: Statistical Methods

Appendix C: Industrialorganizational Psychology

Appendix D: Evaluating the Quality of Web-Based Resources

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