Question 1

An immune response that is always on and nonspecific is called ________ immunity.

Accepted Answer

A)  innate 
B)  adaptive 
C)  humoral 
D)  cell-mediated 
A)  innate 
B)  adaptive 
C)  humoral 
D)  cell-mediated A

Question 2

Vasodilation promoted by the release of vasoactive factors from macrophages leads to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulation of local nerve endings, causing pain 
B)  decrease of fluid accumulation at the site 
C)  loss of heat to the affected area 
D)  decrease of blood flow to the affected area 
A)  stimulation of local nerve endings, causing pain 
B)  decrease of fluid accumulation at the site 
C)  loss of heat to the affected area 
D)  decrease of blood flow to the affected area A

Question 3

All of the following is true regarding a fever EXCEPT that

Accepted Answer

A)  the use of fever reducers helps to speed recovery. 
B)  a fever creates an unfavorable environment for microbial growth. 
C)  substances that cause a fever are known as pyrogens. 
D)  thermoregulation is maintained by the hypothalamus. 
A)  the use of fever reducers helps to speed recovery. 
B)  a fever creates an unfavorable environment for microbial growth. 
C)  substances that cause a fever are known as pyrogens. 
D)  thermoregulation is maintained by the hypothalamus. A

Question 4

Lysozyme is an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  chemical barrier. 
B)  physical barrier. 
C)  defensin. 
D)  adaptive immune response. 
A)  chemical barrier. 
B)  physical barrier. 
C)  defensin. 
D)  adaptive immune response.

Question 5

TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  flagellin. 
B)  lipopolysaccharide. 
C)  peptidoglycan. 
D)  cytokines. 
A)  flagellin. 
B)  lipopolysaccharide. 
C)  peptidoglycan. 
D)  cytokines.

Question 6

Bacterial cells may be phagocytized and processed for presentation by

Accepted Answer

A)  erythrocytes. 
B)  macrophages. 
C)  T cells. 
D)  mast cells. 
A)  erythrocytes. 
B)  macrophages. 
C)  T cells. 
D)  mast cells.

Question 7

A specialized macrophage located in skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)is called

Accepted Answer

A)  macrophage. 
B)  alveolar macrophage. 
C)  a dendritic cell. 
D)  a Langerhans cell. 
A)  macrophage. 
B)  alveolar macrophage. 
C)  a dendritic cell. 
D)  a Langerhans cell.

Question 8

Once the inflammatory process is complete,neutrophils undergo

Accepted Answer

A)  phagocytosis. 
B)  oxidative burst. 
C)  apoptosis. 
D)  opsonization. 
A)  phagocytosis. 
B)  oxidative burst. 
C)  apoptosis. 
D)  opsonization.

Question 9

CASE HISTORY
Bobby,an 11-year-old boy from Nebraska,suffered his entire life from recurring life-threatening infections caused mostly by the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.His infections included meningitis,osteomyelitis (bone infection),and arthritis caused by S.pneumoniae,as well as episodes of septicemia and osteomyelitis and recurrent boils caused by S.aureus.Tests to find a cause for these recurring infections were initially disappointing.The results of all standard immunological tests were normal,including T-cell lymphocyte responses,blood antibody levels,and antibody responses to injected proteins and polysaccharides.This means his adaptive immune system was functioning.The numbers of monocytes/macrophages in his blood were also normal.However,pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (indicators of innate immunity)measured during the latest infection were considerably lower than expected.Further tests proved that Bobby inherited an innate immune defect in Toll-like receptor signaling.Currently,there is no cure for this immunodeficiency.To stem the tide of infections,Bobby was placed on long-term,preventive antibiotic treatment.
Which of the following best describes the portion of a pathogen recognized by Toll-like receptors?

Accepted Answer

A)  specific antigens, particularly those on the surface of Gram-positive pathogens such as Streptococci 
B)  repeating nonself motifs such as peptidoglycan from Gram-positive organisms 
C)  major histocompatibility complex molecules on the surface of pathogenic cells 
D)  Toll-like receptors on the surface of pathogens, recognized by MAMPs on our immune cells 
A)  specific antigens, particularly those on the surface of Gram-positive pathogens such as Streptococci 
B)  repeating nonself motifs such as peptidoglycan from Gram-positive organisms 
C)  major histocompatibility complex molecules on the surface of pathogenic cells 
D)  Toll-like receptors on the surface of pathogens, recognized by MAMPs on our immune cells

Question 10

Which pathway is the alternative pathway in the figure below?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pathway 1 
B)  Pathway 2 
C)  Pathway 3 
D)  none 
A)  Pathway 1 
B)  Pathway 2 
C)  Pathway 3 
D)  none

Question 11

Peyer's patches are located within gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).Explain the function of Peyer's patches in regard to their function in the immune system.

Accepted Answer

M cells are important cells of the Peyer

Question 12

A series of 20 serum proteins that attack bacterial invaders is called

Accepted Answer

A)  phagocytosis. 
B)  opsonization. 
C)  a complement. 
D)  an interferon. 
A)  phagocytosis. 
B)  opsonization. 
C)  a complement. 
D)  an interferon.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

A)  heat 
B)  edema 
C)  pain 
D)  pus formation 
A)  heat 
B)  edema 
C)  pain 
D)  pus formation

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Macrophages interact with inhibitory glycoproteins to recognize self. 
B)  Phagocytosis is a specific immune response. 
C)  Opsonization prevents phagocytosis. 
D)  Capsules enhance phagocytosis. 
A)  Macrophages interact with inhibitory glycoproteins to recognize self. 
B)  Phagocytosis is a specific immune response. 
C)  Opsonization prevents phagocytosis. 
D)  Capsules enhance phagocytosis.

Question 15

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)includes all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  tonsils. 
B)  adenoids. 
C)  M cells. 
D)  alveolar macrophages. 
A)  tonsils. 
B)  adenoids. 
C)  M cells. 
D)  alveolar macrophages.

Question 16

All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT that they

Accepted Answer

A)  are a type of lymphocyte. 
B)  have the ability to kill infected host cells. 
C)  destroy cells via phagocytosis. 
D)  release toxic substances that induce cellular death. 
A)  are a type of lymphocyte. 
B)  have the ability to kill infected host cells. 
C)  destroy cells via phagocytosis. 
D)  release toxic substances that induce cellular death.

Question 17

A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  the total number of white blood cells. 
B)  the numbers of each type of white blood cells. 
C)  the number of red blood cells. 
D)  the presence of cancer. 
A)  the total number of white blood cells. 
B)  the numbers of each type of white blood cells. 
C)  the number of red blood cells. 
D)  the presence of cancer.

Question 18

A clinical that counts the total number of white blood cells and identifies their various cell types is called a ________.

Accepted Answer

white bloo

Question 19

The figure below shows the process of opsonization.This process belongs to which type of immunity?

Accepted Answer

A)  innate 
B)  adaptive 
C)  complement 
D)  phagocytosis 
A)  innate 
B)  adaptive 
C)  complement 
D)  phagocytosis

Question 20

The figure below highlights the process of complement activation.The classical pathway can be activated in two ways: antibody-dependent binding and by

Accepted Answer

A)  C-reactive protein. 
B)  cytokines. 
C)  factor K. 
D)  lectin. 
A)  C-reactive protein. 
B)  cytokines. 
C)  factor K. 
D)  lectin.

Exam 15: The Immune System: Inflammation and Innate Immunity

An immune response that is always on and nonspecific is called ________ immunity.

Vasodilation promoted by the release of vasoactive factors from macrophages leads to which of the following?

All of the following is true regarding a fever EXCEPT that

Lysozyme is an example of a(n)

TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT

Bacterial cells may be phagocytized and processed for presentation by

A specialized macrophage located in skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)is called

Once the inflammatory process is complete,neutrophils undergo

Which pathway is the alternative pathway in the figure below?

Peyer's patches are located within gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).Explain the function of Peyer's patches in regard to their function in the immune system.

A series of 20 serum proteins that attack bacterial invaders is called

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Which of the following statements is true?

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)includes all of the following EXCEPT

All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT that they

A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following EXCEPT

A clinical that counts the total number of white blood cells and identifies their various cell types is called a ________.

The figure below shows the process of opsonization.This process belongs to which type of immunity?

The figure below highlights the process of complement activation.The classical pathway can be activated in two ways: antibody-dependent binding and by

Microbes Shape Our History

Basic Concepts of Infectious Disease

Observing Microbes

Living Chemistry: From Atoms to Cells

Cell Biology of Bacteria and Eukaryotes

Bacterial Growth, Nutrition, and Differentiation

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Bacterial Genomes and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Eukaryotic Microbes and Invertebrate Infectious Agents

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Sterilization, Disinfection, and Antibiotic Therapy

Normal Human Microbiota: a Delicate Balance of Power

The Immune System: Adaptive Immunity

Immune Disorders, Tools, and Vaccines

Microbial Pathogenesis

Infections of the Skin and Eye

Infections of the Respiratory Tract

Systemic Infections

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Infections of the Urinary and Reproductive Tracts

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Diagnostic Clinical Microbiology

Epidemiology: Tracking Infectious Diseases

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