Exam 15: The Immune System: Inflammation and Innate Immunity

Small protein molecules secreted by macrophages are called

A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg.The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding.Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes?

A chill is a sign that

Which of the following is NOT an example of a white blood cell (WBC)?

CASE HISTORY Constance,a seven-month-old female,suffered from recurrent infections since the age of two weeks.She was frequently admitted to the hospital for Staphylococcus aureus sepsis (blood infection),hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen),oral thrush caused by Candida albicans,and poor weight gain.Repeated treatments with different antibiotics only temporarily resolved her infections.Two days ago,her alarmed mother and father once again brought Constance to the emergency department at the University of Chicago Medical Center.Constance was lethargic,did not move much,and had a high fever.She also struggled for breath.Her blood work revealed high white blood cell counts (59,000/mm3;normal is 4,000-11,000)with a higher than normal level of neutrophils in her blood (neutrophilia).A chest X-ray showed inflammation in both lungs.It was no surprise,then,when the lab technician reported finding Staphylococcus aureus in Constance's blood.Her doctor ordered intravenous antibiotic therapy and was determined to find the cause of these repeated infections.He suspected a serious defect in Constance's immune system.Laboratory analyses found that her lymphocyte numbers,overall serum immunoglobulin (antibody)levels,and liver and kidney functions were all normal.No help there.Then flow cytometry analysis of surface proteins present on Constance's peripheral blood neutrophils revealed a complete absence of critically important membrane proteins.The doctor's heart sank.It was not good news. Constance's neutrophils are unable to adhere to the walls of her blood vessels.In the normal process of inflammation,however,describe the next steps for these neutrophils.

Cytokines that have chemotactic properties are called ________.

The figure below displays the process of phagocytosis.What would the result for the pathogen be if the lysosome did not fuse with the phagosome?

An example of oxygen-dependent killing is

CASE HISTORY Bobby,an 11-year-old boy from Nebraska,suffered his entire life from recurring life-threatening infections caused mostly by the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.His infections included meningitis,osteomyelitis (bone infection),and arthritis caused by S.pneumoniae,as well as episodes of septicemia and osteomyelitis and recurrent boils caused by S.aureus.Tests to find a cause for these recurring infections were initially disappointing.The results of all standard immunological tests were normal,including T-cell lymphocyte responses,blood antibody levels,and antibody responses to injected proteins and polysaccharides.This means his adaptive immune system was functioning.The numbers of monocytes/macrophages in his blood were also normal.However,pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (indicators of innate immunity)measured during the latest infection were considerably lower than expected.Further tests proved that Bobby inherited an innate immune defect in Toll-like receptor signaling.Currently,there is no cure for this immunodeficiency.To stem the tide of infections,Bobby was placed on long-term,preventive antibiotic treatment. How are NOD-like receptors similar to and different from Toll-like receptors? Would Bobby's immune deficiency manifest identically if he had a deficit in NLRs rather than TLRs?

According to the table below,which type of interferon(s)work(s)to create an antiviral state in host cells?

Movement of neutrophils out of blood vessels and into infected tissue is called ________.

There are two general types of interferons,type I and type II.Describe how type I interferons work to prevent the host from infection.

Using the data from the differential white blood cell count table below,which patient profile displays a parasitic infection?